4D printing of trigger-free shape-memory hydrogels towards self-adaptive substrates for bioelectronics.

ABSTRACT: Shape-changing smart substrates are revolutionizing implantable bioelectronics by offering minimal invasiveness and self-adaptive geometric conformity. However, precise manipulation of shapeshifting, which is critical for the successful implantation, are hindered by triggering accessibility and cumbersome customization. Here we introduce a digital 4D printing technique for fabricating customized shape memory hydrogel substrates enabling trigger-free shapeshifting with predefined onset periods. By controlling spatio-temporal light exposure, pixelated polymer sheets with heterogeneous networks are obtained, yielding intricate 3D original shapes after monomer removal. Meanwhile, spatially controlled onset time of the programmable shape recovery is introduced, attributed to local variation of

SUBMITTER: Ni C 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12820190 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Dec

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature