Differentiation between patent foramen ovale and pulmonary arteriovenous malformations via simultaneous contrast transthoracic echocardiography and transcranial doppler.

ABSTRACT: The objective is to differentiate between patent foramen ovale (PFO) and pulmonary arteriovenous malformations (PAVM) using simultaneous contrast transthoracic echocardiography (cTTE) and contrast transcranial cerebral Doppler (cTCD). A total of 193 patients suspected of having a right-to-left shunt were classified into four groups based on the reference standard, including PFO (n = 102), PAVM (n = 18), negative subjects (n = 53), and indeterminate group (n = 20). Simultaneous cTTE and cTCD were performed in all patients. The comparison between PFO and PAVM was as follows: (1) The cut-off for cardiac cycles was set at ≤ 3 for PFO and ≥ 4 for PAVM. (2) Regarding the quantity of left atrial (LA) bubbles at rest, less than 30 bubbles were observed in 76.4% of patients with PFO, while more tha

SUBMITTER: Wang J 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12820240 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Dec

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature