All-optical diamond heater-thermometer enables versatile and reliable thermal modulation of ion channels at the single-cell level.

ABSTRACT: A living cell is a nonequilibrium thermodynamic system where, nevertheless, a notion of local equilibrium exists. This notion applies to all micro- and nanoscale aqueous volumes, each containing a large number of molecules. This allows one to define sets of local conditions, including thermodynamic ones; for instance, a defined temperature requires thermodynamic equilibrium by definition. Once such a condition is fulfilled, one can control local variables and their gradients to theoretically describe the thermodynamic state of living systems at the micro- and nanoscale. Performing ultralocal experimental manipulations has become possible thanks to the patch-clamp technique, which controls the cell membrane potential, and fluorescence imaging, which monitors molecular concentrations and the

SUBMITTER: Rougier JS 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12821019 | biostudies-literature | 2026 Jan

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature