Urban-rural heterogeneity in the association of indoor air pollution exposure with early childhood development among children aged 0-5 years in a Chinese plateau area.

ABSTRACT:

Background

Emerging evidence suggests indoor air pollution (IAP) from solid fuel use may adversely affect early childhood development (ECD), yet urban-rural disparities in these associations are not well characterized, particularly in high-altitude regions. This study investigated the disparate effects of solid cooking and heating fuel exposure on ECD across urban and rural communities in Tibet, China.

Methods

We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of 1,085 children from the Tibetan plateau. IAP exposure was determined through validated questionnaires, while ECD was assessed using the Chinese version of the Age and Stage Questionnaires, Third Edition (ASQ-3). Multivariable logistic regression models evaluated associations between IAP exposure and developmental outcomes, wit

SUBMITTER: Li Y 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12822090 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Dec

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature