The association of tobacco use on gastrointestinal cancers: A secondary dataset analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 and Mendelian randomization.

ABSTRACT:

Introduction

Gastrointestinal cancers remain a major global health issue, with tobacco use as a key factor. Understanding the impact of tobacco use on these cancers and its regional trends is essential for effective prevention strategies.

Methods

Using data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study, we analyzed mortality and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) related to tobacco from 1990 to 2021. Joinpoint regression estimated average annual percent change (AAPC), and ARIMA predicted disease burden up to 2036. Two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis with GWAS data, applied methods such as inverse variance weighting (IVW) and MR-Egger for causal inference.

Results

Esophageal cancer had the highest burden in 2021, with a mortality rate of 2.54 deaths pe

SUBMITTER: Liu Y 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12825413 | biostudies-literature | 2026

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature