The physiology of thoracic duct pressure and flow: A review of the literature.

ABSTRACT: The thoracic duct (TD) is the largest vessel of the lymphatic system, transporting interstitial fluid, macromolecules, and immune cells into the venous circulation via the lymphovenous junction. Respiratory and circulatory forces have been proposed as key drivers of TD lymph propulsion; however, the literature reports inconsistent findings. This study systematically reviews the effects of respiration and circulation on TD lymph flow and pressure in humans and non-human mammals. A systematic review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines using MEDLINE, Embase, and Google Scholar databases. Studies published up to August 2025 were included with no language or past date restrictions. Twenty-three human and animal studies met the inclusion criteria. Respiratory activity influenced T

SUBMITTER: Moazzam S 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12828174 | biostudies-literature | 2026 Jan

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature