Uncertainties in measuring offshore gambling: A scoping review of Nordic approaches.

ABSTRACT:

Background

A part of online gambling consumption takes place in offshore markets. Lack of regulatory control over offshore offers erodes many public policy and public health objectives. Channelling consumption from offshore markets to regulated markets is therefore used as justification in many gambling policy decisions. Yet, it is currently unknown how reliable existing estimates of the size of offshore markets are.

Methods

This scoping review investigates how offshore gambling markets are measured in the Nordic context and what kinds of uncertainties are involved in existing measures. We searched available estimates of offshore gambling markets from academic and grey literature in four Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Norway, Sweden). The final sample consists of 32 rep

SUBMITTER: Marionneau V 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12829935 | biostudies-literature | 2026

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature