Associations between Ambient Air Pollution Exposure and Menstrual Cycle Irregularity in Premenopausal Women.

ABSTRACT:

Purpose

This study investigates the associations between various air pollutants and menstrual cycle irregularity.

Materials and methods

Data for premenopausal women were obtained from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (n=4478). We evaluated the associations of moving averages of five air pollutants over 90, 120, 150, 180, and 365 days with short-interval (menstruation occurring at least once every 3 months) and long-interval (menstruation skipped for ≥ 3 months) menstrual cycle irregularity using multinomial logistic regression models. The joint effects of air pollution mixtures were explored using the quantile g-computation method.

Results

Interquartile range increases in moving averages of nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) and sulfur dioxide (SO₂) over

SUBMITTER: Choi J 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12834606 | biostudies-literature | 2026 Feb

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature