Association between maternal occupation as a cleaner/maid/janitor during early pregnancy and selected birth defects in the National Birth Defects Prevention Study.

ABSTRACT:

Objectives

Cleaning work involves potential exposures to physical, chemical, biological and psychosocial hazards, which might increase the risk of birth defects. Yet, there is limited research focused on maternal occupation in cleaning jobs and the risk of birth defects. We investigated the association between maternal occupation in cleaning-related jobs during early pregnancy and selected birth defects in the National Birth Defects Prevention Study, a case-control study from 1997 to 2011.

Methods

Mothers self-reported job details, which were classified by occupational epidemiologists into cleaner or non-cleaner occupations. Cases were live births or stillbirths with at least one of 19 eligible birth defects ascertained from state surveillance systems, while controls were ra

SUBMITTER: Yang Y 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12836283 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Dec

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature