Phylogenetic and Morphological Analysis of Wing Base Articulation in Vespidae (Hymenoptera): A Cladistic Approach.

ABSTRACT: Insect wing base sclerites are crucial to wing function and evolution, yet their diversity beyond order-level comparisons remains poorly understood. We examine variation in wing base sclerites across Vespidae, focusing on the axillary sclerites (1Ax, 2Ax, and 3Ax), the shoulder sclerite, and associated structures. The first axillary sclerite shows distinct regional differentiation and bears a well-sclerotized knob that influences wing articulation. Additionally, 2Ax in Vespidae is a single, triangular structure with three attachment points, distinct from the two-part composition in some other wasps, which facilitates high-frequency wing vibrations. Our findings also highlight variable fusion patterns in 3Ax and its interaction with 2Ax, contributing to wing flexibility. The basiradial brid

SUBMITTER: Ullah H 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12842110 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Dec

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature