Coconut Shell-Derived Activated Carbons: Preparation, Physicochemical Properties, and Dye Removal from Water.

ABSTRACT: Valorizing coconut shell waste as a renewable lignocellulosic precursor offers a sustainable route to produce high-performance activated carbons for wastewater treatment. In this study, coconut shells were transformed into activated carbons through physical activation (air, CO₂, steam) and chemical activation (H₃PO₄, ZnCl₂, KOH), allowing direct comparison of how each method influences porosity and surface chemistry. Among the physically activated samples, steam activation produced the best material, A-ST, with S_BET = 738 m² g^-1, V_mi = 0.38 cm³ g^-1 and V_me = 0.07 cm³ g^-1. KOH activation yielded the top-performing carbon, A-KOH, achieving S_BET</

SUBMITTER: Cachola Maldito Lowden VM 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12844380 | biostudies-literature | 2026 Jan

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature