Toxic Effects of Sulfur Dioxide: A Review.

ABSTRACT: Sulfur dioxide (SO₂) is a colorless, pungent gas that is a significant contributor to air pollution, with well-documented environmental and health impacts. It is emitted both naturally (e.g., in volcanic activities) and anthropogenically (e.g., fossil fuel combustion, sulfuric acid production, papermaking, and wine preservation). Inhalation represents the primary route of human exposure, particularly in urban and industrial settings. Acute SO₂ exposure can lead to airway irritation, laryngospasm, bronchoconstriction, pulmonary edema, and death in severe cases. Chronic exposure, even at low concentrations, can contribute to the development of pulmonary and extrapulmonary diseases. Despite its classification as a hazardous air pollutant, a comprehensive understanding of

SUBMITTER: Stauffer CB 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12846270 | biostudies-literature | 2026 Jan

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature