Non-Genetically Modified Adoptive Cell Therapies for Solid Tumors: Current Landscape and Future Challenges.

ABSTRACT: Non-genetically modified adoptive cell therapies (ACTs) represent a rapidly advancing frontier in solid tumor immunotherapy, offering a safe and adaptable alternative to genetically engineered approaches by capitalizing on the intrinsic plasticity of immune cells. Genetic engineering strategies, including CAR-T cells, encounter significant obstacles in solid tumors, including on-target off-tumor toxicity, an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, and drug resistance. Although non-genetically modified ACTs-including tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells, natural killer (NK) cells, and γδ T cells-offer unique advantages, their clinical application remains underexplored. This review consolidates the mechanistic basis, clinical progress, and limitations

SUBMITTER: Luo Q 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12847622 | biostudies-literature | 2026 Jan

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature