Health risk assessment of combined exposure to heavy metals diazinon and mycotoxins in Iranian rice.

ABSTRACT: Rice ecosystems in northern Iran face co‑exposure to heavy metals; lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), and nickel (Ni); the organophosphate pesticide diazinon, and major mycotoxins. We conducted an integrated Human Health Risk Assessment (HRA) to translate concentration data into actionable non‑carcinogenic risk indices; the Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) and Hazard Index (HI); for adults and children. Composite samples from five counties (Sari, Fereydunkenar, Rasht, Astaneh‑Ashrafieh, Kalat) were collected across two cropping seasons (no second‑season rice in Kalat). Metals were quantified by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS), Graphite Furnace AAS (GFAAS) for Pb and Cd, Flame AAS (FAAS) for Cr and Ni; diazinon by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS); and mycotoxins by High‑Pe

SUBMITTER: Farboodi R 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12859086 | biostudies-literature | 2026 Jan

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature