Bioprinting and assembly of organ building blocks for tissue engineering applications.

ABSTRACT: Damage or functional failure of vital organs remains a major clinical challenge, while the availability of donor organs for transplantation is severely limited. As a result, tissue engineering has emerged as a promising strategy for organ replacement; however, conventional top-down tissue engineering, which employs scaffolds to provide three-dimensional growth environments, cannot ensure precise cell positioning, restricting its applicability to complex and heterogeneous tissues. In contrast, bottom-up strategies that assemble spheroids or organoids as modular building blocks offer a more effective route to organ-like constructs. Nevertheless, they suffer from low reproducibility because of spontaneous cell self-assembly. Three-dimensional bioprinting provides a promising solution for the

SUBMITTER: Kim JH 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12860649 | biostudies-literature | 2026 Apr

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature