Reproductive risk factors and prevalence of cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome among young women.

ABSTRACT:

Introduction

Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic (CKM) syndrome provides a framework for early cardiometabolic and kidney dysfunction. While reproductive risk factors are associated with cardiovascular disease, their relationship to CKM syndrome stages remains unclear. We estimated CKM prevalence among reproductive-aged US women and evaluated associations with reproductive risk factors.

Methods

Using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2013-2020), we included 3,917 non-pregnant women aged 20-49 years. Reproductive risk factors included early menarche (≤10 years), infertility, gestational diabetes, delivery of a large-for-gestational-age neonate, and grand multiparity (≥ 5 births). CKM stages were classified as stage 0 (no risk factors), stage 1 (excess or dysfu

SUBMITTER: Boyer T 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12860920 | biostudies-literature | 2026 Apr

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature