Revealing Cycling-Induced Evolution of Intact Sodium Metal Battery Interfaces Using Cryo-Focused Ion Beam Cross-Sectioning and Electron Microscopy.

ABSTRACT: Batteries consist of complex, layered interfaces, and their performance-limiting mechanisms are best understood through nanoscale structural analysis of both anodes and cathodes in realistic full-cell architectures. This has been challenging for liquid-electrolyte-based batteries due to limitations imposed by handling liquid electrolytes and size constraints in most high-resolution electron microscopes, while cryogenic focused ion beam (cryo-FIB) milling has typically been limited to a single electrode. Here, a full-cell cryo-FIB milling process is presented that reveals anode, cathode, and seprator interfaces in a   liquid electrolyte cell with a sodium metal anode and Na_0.44MnO₂ cathode. This full-cell cryo-milled battery stack enables visualization of interfaces at

SUBMITTER: Matthews KC 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12862447 | biostudies-literature | 2026 Feb

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature