Folic Acid-Modified Ginger-Derived Exosome-Like Nanoparticles Co-Delivering Sunitinib Suppress Renal Cell Carcinoma via PI3K-Akt Pathway Inhibition, P-gp Downregulation, and Macrophage Reprogramming.

ABSTRACT: Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a malignant tumor with highly recurrent and metastatic capability. The current therapies for RCC are limited by drug resistance and toxic side effects. This study introduces an innovative approach that combines ginger-derived exosome-like nanoparticles (GELNs) with sunitinib (Su) and folic acid-polyethylene glycol (FA-PEG, FPD) in an active-passive targeting strategy to explore its multi-mechanism and synergistic therapeutic effects on RCC. GELNs are extracted via differential centrifugation combined with sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation. Metabolomics and network pharmacology predicted that GELNs may exert their anticancer efficacy via the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, which is subsequently validated through in vitro experiments. By loading Su and modifying

SUBMITTER: Xu H 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12866827 | biostudies-literature | 2026 Jan

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature