TP-ARMS: A Cost-Effective PCR-Based Genotyping System for Precision Breeding of Small InDels in Crops.

ABSTRACT: Accurate genotyping of small insertions and deletions (InDels; <5 bp) remains technically challenging in routine molecular breeding, largely due to the limited resolution of agarose gel electrophoresis and the labor-intensive nature of polyacrylamide-based assays. Here, we present the Tri-Primer Amplification Refractory Mutation System (TP-ARMS), a simple and cost-effective PCR-based strategy that enables high-resolution genotyping of small InDels using standard agarose gels. The TP-ARMS employs a universal reverse primer in combination with two allele-specific forward primers targeting insertion and deletion alleles, respectively. This design allows clear discrimination of homozygous and heterozygous genotypes using a two-tube PCR workflow. The method showed complete concordance with Sang

SUBMITTER: Wang Y 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12898809 | biostudies-literature | 2026 Jan

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature