Development and Validation of an Optical Sensor-Based Automated Urine Flow Meter for Real-Time Patient Monitoring.

ABSTRACT: Acute kidney injury (AKI) affects thousands of hospitalized patients annually, yet early detection remains challenging as serum creatinine elevation lags behind clinical deterioration. Decreased urine output (UO) represents a key diagnostic criterion of AKI, sometimes manifesting hours before biochemical changes; however, current manual monitoring methods are labor-intensive and prone to error. Here, we developed and validated a simple, cost-effective automated urine flow meter using non-contact optical sensors, a peristaltic pump, and microcontroller-based automation for precise, real-time monitoring of urine output in clinical settings, named P-meter. Three successive prototypes (V1, V2, V3) were validated against gold-standard gravimetric measurements over 285 h of testing during animal

SUBMITTER: Hota P 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12899953 | biostudies-literature | 2026 Jan

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature