A green fabrication of pharmacologically relevant fused pyrimidines using recyclable caffeine-H₃PO₄ catalyst: insight into antibacterial and cytotoxic efficacy.

ABSTRACT: An eco-friendly and high-yielding one-pot protocol has been developed for the synthesis of pyrimido[4,5-d]pyrimidine derivatives utilizing caffeine-H₃PO₄ as a recyclable, metal-free acidic catalyst under ethanolic conditions. This green approach delivers the desired fused heterocycles in notable yields within short reaction times, avoiding the use of harsh reagents and tedious purification steps. The catalyst was systematically characterized by FT-IR, NMR, XRD, SEM, EDX, TGA, DTG, DTA and DSC analyses, confirming its stability, robustness, and catalytic proficiency. Notably, caffeine-H₃PO₄ exhibited excellent recyclability across multiple runs with negligible reduction in activity. Eco-metric assessment further substantiated the environmen

SUBMITTER: Bhatnagar A 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12903880 | biostudies-literature | 2026 Feb

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature