3D bioprinting in tissue engineering: current state-of-the-art and challenges towards system standardization and clinical translation.

ABSTRACT: Over the past decade, three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting has made significant progress, transforming into a key innovation in tissue engineering. Despite the early strides, critical challenges remain in 3D bioprinting that must be addressed to accelerate clinical translation. In particular, there is still a long way to go before functionally-mature, clinically-relevant tissue equivalents are developed. Current limitations range from the sub-optimal bioink properties and degree of biomimicry of bioprintable architectures, to the lack of stem/progenitor cells for massive cell expansion, and fundamental knowledge regardingin vitroculturing conditions. In addition to these problems, the absence of guidelines and well-regulated international standards is creating uncertainty among the bi

SUBMITTER: Agarwal T 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12906674 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Aug

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature