Stable serum peptidoglycan fragment levels do not support leaky gut in the acute phase or at one month following "mild" traumatic brain injury: A preliminary study.

ABSTRACT: The gut-brain axis is increasingly recognized as contributor to the pathophysiology of brain disorders, in part through its influence on inflammation. Impaired gut health can lead to so-called leaky gut, allowing bacterial cell wall fragments such as peptidoglycan-derived muramyl dipeptide (MDP) to translocate to the circulation. MDP can activate microglia, key mediators of neuroinflammation, via the intracellular receptor nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 (NOD2). Although neuroinflammation is a hallmark of "mild" traumatic brain injury (mTBI), the link between leaky gut and mTBI remains largely unexplored. This preliminary prospective study investigated whether mTBI leads to increased MDP levels and NOD2 activation in the acute phase (N = 246; median 10

SUBMITTER: Visser K 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12908069 | biostudies-literature | 2026 Mar

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature