Potential association between endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and gynecomastia: a systematic review based on partial experimental evidenceendocrine-disrupting chemicals.

ABSTRACT: Gynecomastia (GYN), the most prevalent benign breast condition in men, is primarily driven by an estrogen-androgen imbalance, which induces glandular proliferation and adipose hypertrophy. This imbalance leads to the proliferation of mammary gland tissue and hypertrophy of adipose tissue. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), as a class of exogenous substances widely distributed in the environment, can disrupt hormonal homeostasis by mimicking estrogen, antagonizing androgens, or interfering with hormone metabolism. Consequently, they represent a significant environmental risk factor for inducing male breast development. Some evidence also suggests that gynecomastia may represent a chronic, non-infectious inflammatory response to estrogenic stimulation, which could further alter the tissu

SUBMITTER: Wang H 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12909171 | biostudies-literature | 2026

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature