The effect of finding relationships, using variables, drawing diagrams and simplification strategies on the development of formulating skills.

ABSTRACT:

Background

formulation serves as a bridge between real-life situations and mathematics, is a critical skill in processes that are crucial for mathematics education, such as problem solving, mathematical literacy, modeling, realistic mathematics education, conceptual thinking, and STEM education, but also emerges as a skill that must be considered for cognitive processes such as cognitive load theory, metacognitive norms, and psychological self-regulation. The fact that most research conducted in the context of formulation remains at a descriptive level and that students are not proficient in this process highlights the need for intervention-based research to develop formulating skills.

Methods

in this study, a pre-test-post-test control group quasi-experimental design was chosen to reveal the effect of the Relationships, Using Variables, Drawing Diagrams, and Simplification strategies on the ability to formulate. The participants were 52 tenth-grade students studying at an Anatolian High School in the Marmara Region of Türkiye. Two existing classes at the selected school were randomly assigned to the experimental group (n = 26) and the control group (n = 26). The experimental group received a total of 6 h of strategy-based training over 3 weeks, while the control group students continued their normal learning. The research data were obtained using a formulating test consisting of 15 formulation problems classified within the formulation process in PISA problems.

Results

pre-test scores showed that both groups had similar levels of formulation ability, with no significant difference between them (p > 0.05). Post-test results revealed that students in the experimental group performed better than those in the control group, with a significant difference between them (Mexperimental = 8.346 vs. Mcontrol = 6.808, t ₍₅₀₎ = 3.161, p = 0.003, Cohen's d = 0.876). The pre-test-post-test difference for the experimental group students indicates a high level of effect (d = 1.081).

Conclusion

the findings show that strategy-based instruction, utilizing relationships, using variables, drawing diagrams, and simplification strategies, significantly improved students' formulating skills. The strategy-based instruction designed within the framework of the Worked Examples approach has positive effects on students' cognitive load management, metacognitive awareness, and problem-solving performance. The research also contributes to the field of educational psychology both theoretically and practically.

SUBMITTER: Temel H 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12910482 | biostudies-literature | 2026

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature