Sex-specific associations between carotid plaque and bone mineral density in patients with type 2 diabetes: a retrospective cross-sectional study.

ABSTRACT:

Background

Carotid plaque and osteoporosis commonly coexist in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), but whether their association differs by sex remains unclear. We examined sex-specific differences in bone measures and the adjusted association between carotid plaque and osteoporosis status in patients with T2DM.

Methods

This retrospective cross-sectional study included 1,224 patients with T2DM (794 women and 430 men). Carotid plaque was assessed by ultrasound. Lumbar spine bone mineral density (BMD) and T-scores were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and osteoporosis status was categorized as normal bone mass, osteopenia, or osteoporosis. Clinical characteristics, bone measures, and osteoporosis prevalence were compared between patients with and without caroti

SUBMITTER: Liu B 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12922300 | biostudies-literature | 2026 Jan

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature