Risk assessment of a mixture of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in thermal waters of Kutahya, Turkiye.

ABSTRACT: The increasing global consumption of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) and their persistence in the environment have raised concerns about their potential ecological and human health risks, especially in aquatic systems. Thermal waters, widely used for therapeutic and agricultural purposes, remain underexplored regarding PPCP contamination. This study presents a comprehensive environmental risk assessment (ERA) of 104 PPCPs in thermal waters from 22 sampling points across nine geothermal fields in Kütahya, Türkiye. A total of five PPCPs (caffeine, DEET, ephedrine, carbamazepine, and chlorphenamine) were quantified using a validated LC-MS/MS method. Caffeine exhibited the highest detection frequency (100%) and maximum concentration (43.191 ng L^-1), followed by DE

SUBMITTER: Sener H 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12923453 | biostudies-literature | 2026 Feb

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature