Beyond triorchidism: diagnostic pitfalls and an evidence-driven algorithm for pediatric supernumerary testes.

ABSTRACT:

Objective

To characterize the clinical and imaging features of pediatric supernumerary testes (SNTs), a rare congenital anomaly also referred to as polyorchidism, to assess the diagnostic performance and misdiagnosis rate of ultrasonography and MRI, to identify factors associated with ultrasound misdiagnosis and surgical decision-making, and to develop an evidence-based management algorithm.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective review of two tertiary centers and a PRISMA-guided systematic review and pooled analysis (Jan 2000-Apr 2025; PROSPERO CRD420251000331) of pediatric cases, extracting data on presentation, imaging use, Bergholz classification, treatments, pathology, and factors associated with ultrasonographic misdiagnosis and surgical decision-making.

Results

I

SUBMITTER: Fang H 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12924418 | biostudies-literature | 2026 Jan

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature