Differences in AUTOS- and FTND-assessed dependence on various tobacco products among Chinese current tobacco/nicotine users.

ABSTRACT: Combustible cigarettes remain the dominant tobacco product in China, although use of emerging tobacco/nicotine products such as electronic cigarettes (ECs), heated tobacco products (HTPs), smokeless tobacco and nicotine pouches (NPs) is increasing. However, their addictive potential is not well understood. We conducted an online survey (June-September 2025) among 5,901 adult tobacco/nicotine users in China, assessing dependence using the Autonomy Over Tobacco Scale (AUTOS) and the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND). General linear regression indicated that EC-only users had the lower AUTOS scores (18.32 ± 6.84), while poly-users, especially cigarette + EC users, showed the higher AUTOS (21.61 ± 6.46) and FTND scores (4.06 ± 2.10), compared with cigarette-only users (AUTOS: 20.4

SUBMITTER: Yan D 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12929597 | biostudies-literature | 2026 Feb

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature