ABSTRACT: Coal-mining byproducts like coal gangue (CG), green mudstone (GC), and oil shale (OS) pose significant risks to the ecological environment and social safety. In this study, waste gangue was treated in situ without supplementary soil addition. Moreover, the effects of plant growth substrates prepared by incorporating chicken manure (+), plant growth-promoting microorganisms (+M), and porous materials (+MM) on soil nutrients, plant growth, and microbial communities were investigated. Compared with untreated gangue, organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, available nitrogen, and available phosphorus in the CG + MM, OS + MM, and GC + MM groups increased by 170%, 14%, 93%, 174%, 1951%; 51%, 15%, 262%, 147%, 480%; and 230%, 23%, 85%, 78%, 1,186%, respectively. Regarding plant growth, C
