"A re-evaluation of M. prototuberculosis": continuing the debate.
Ontology highlight
ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Brisse S
PROVIDER: S-EPMC1579240 | biostudies-literature | 2006 Sep
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
Publications
"A re-evaluation of M. prototuberculosis": continuing the debate.
Brisse Sylvain S Supply Philip P Brosch Roland R Vincent Veronique V Gutierrez M Cristina MC
PLoS pathogens 20060901 9
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Project description:Molluscs are a diverse animal phylum with a formidable fossil record. Although there is little doubt about the monophyly of the eight extant classes, relationships between these groups are controversial. We analysed a comprehensive multilocus molecular data set for molluscs, the first to include multiple species from all classes, including five monoplacophorans in both extant families. Our analyses of five markers resolve two major clades: the first includes gastropods and bivalves sister to Serialia (monoplacophorans and chitons), and the second comprises scaphopods sister to aplacophorans and cephalopods. Traditional groupings such as Testaria, Aculifera, and Conchifera are rejected by our data with significant Approximately Unbiased (AU) test values. A new molecular clock indicates that molluscs had a terminal Precambrian origin with rapid divergence of all eight extant classes in the Cambrian. The recovery of Serialia as a derived, Late Cambrian clade is potentially in line with the stratigraphic chronology of morphologically heterogeneous early mollusc fossils. Serialia is in conflict with traditional molluscan classifications and recent phylogenomic data. Yet our hypothesis, as others from molecular data, implies frequent molluscan shell and body transformations by heterochronic shifts in development and multiple convergent adaptations, leading to the variable shells and body plans in extant lineages.
| S-EPMC3856133 | biostudies-literature
Project description:IntroductionThe use of administrative data to capture 30-day readmission rates in end-stage renal disease is challenging since Medicare combines claims from acute care, inpatient rehabilitation (IRF), and long-term care hospital stays into a single "Inpatient" file. For data prior to 2012, the United States Renal Data System does not contain the variables necessary to easily identify different facility types, making it likely that prior studies have inaccurately estimated 30-day readmission rates.MethodsFor this report, we developed two methods (a "simple method" and a "rehabilitation-adjusted method") to identify acute care, IRF, and long-term care hospital stays from United States Renal Data System claims data, and compared them to methods used in previously published reports.FindingsWe found that prior methods overestimated 30-day readmission rates by up to 12.3% and overestimated average 30-day readmission costs by up to 11%. In contrast, the simple and rehabilitation-adjusted methods overestimated 30-day readmission rates by 0.1% and average 30-day readmission costs by 1.8%. The rehabilitation-adjusted method also accurately identified 96.8% of IRF stays.DiscussionPrior research has likely provided inaccurate estimates of 30-day readmissions in patients undergoing dialysis. In the absence of data on specific facility types particularly when using data prior to 2012, future researchers could employ our method to more accurately characterize 30-day readmission rates and associated outcomes in patients with end-stage renal disease.
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Project description:This study intends to explain the phenomenon of ideological distrust among Indonesian students, the normalization of state-religion relations, and their evaluation of religious law in the national legal system. This study used primary data obtained from a 6-month online survey. It concludes that ideological distrust among students does not correlate with the political track records and capacity of state actors, instead, it correlates with the evaluation of religious norms that these students adhere to. The improvement in the performance quality of public institutions is not capable to reduce the distrust among students toward the state ideology. Meanwhile, Muslim students deem that the normalization of state-religion relations in Indonesia is necessary since the two are not in a harmonious condition and the current legal system still ignores religious norms.
| S-EPMC10060182 | biostudies-literature
Project description:OBJECTIVES: Continuing professional development (CPD) is a novel approach to increase professional knowledge and skills. The aim of this study is to explore participants' characteristics and to understand participants' views on two rapid review courses (RRCs) as part of CPD program, and to assess healthcare providers' views about the use of internet for accessing medical information. METHODS: Data were collected from 150 participants who attended an RRC in Nephrology and Rheumatology as part of an ongoing CME program. RESULTS: Participants' response rate was 92% and 84.4% in Nephrology and Rheumatology RRCs, respectively. Participants' Mean Age±SD were 39±2.1 and 41±2.1 years in the Nephrology and Rheumatology courses, respectively. Demographic variables, i.e., age, gender, and specialization showed a significant (p<0.01) impact on the learning objectives of the program. Further, participants reported that the course material had a significant (p<0.02) impact on their knowledge. Finding new medical information was the primary motive to search the internet among all participants. About half of the subjects reported knowledge of their preferred medical education sites and had access at their clinical setup. Barriers to internet use included lack of specific information, difficulty to download contents, and excessive material. Professional association websites, online journals, and CME programs were the most frequently searched sources of information. Most of the subjects reported significant (p<0.02) barriers to find medical resources on the internet and to adequately utilize the currently available medical search engines available in the healthcare system. CONCLUSION: A discipline specific and integrated CPD program may have provided dual benefit such as accredited CME hours and a significant change in the participants' knowledge. There is a need to increase Internet accessibility and capacity in the current healthcare facilities. Future CPD studies should include measuring participants' knowledge and skills "pre and post" course delivery, and a detailed evaluation of the course program.
| S-EPMC3472572 | biostudies-other
Project description:Although the genus Arthrinium (sexual morph Apiospora) is commonly isolated as an endophyte from a range of substrates, and is extremely interesting for the pharmaceutical industry, its molecular phylogeny has never been resolved. Based on morphology and DNA sequence data of the large subunit nuclear ribosomal RNA gene (LSU, 28S) and the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) and 5.8S rRNA gene of the nrDNA operon, the genus Arthrinium is shown to belong to Apiosporaceae in Xylariales. Arthrinium is morphologically and phylogenetically circumscribed, and the sexual genus Apiospora treated as synonym on the basis that Arthinium is older, more commonly encountered, and more frequently used in literature. An epitype is designated for Arthrinium pterospermum, and several well-known species are redefined based on their morphology and sequence data of the translation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF), beta-tubulin (TUB) and internal transcribed spacer (ITS1, 5.8S, ITS2) gene regions. Newly described are A. hydei on Bambusa tuldoides from Hong Kong, A. kogelbergense on dead culms of Restionaceae from South Africa, A. malaysianum on Macaranga hullettii from Malaysia, A. ovatum on Arundinaria hindsii from Hong Kong, A. phragmites on Phragmites australis from Italy, A. pseudospegazzinii on Macaranga hullettii from Malaysia, A. pseudosinense on bamboo from The Netherlands, and A. xenocordella from soil in Zimbabwe. Furthermore, the genera Pteroconium and Cordella are also reduced to synonymy, rejecting spore shape and the presence of setae as characters of generic significance separating them from Arthrinium.
| S-EPMC3719201 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Abstract Sympoventuriaceae (Venturiales, Dothideomycetes) comprises genera including saprophytes, endophytes, plant pathogens, as well as important animal or human opportunistic pathogens with diverse ecologies and wide geographical distributions. Although the taxonomy of Sympoventuriaceae has been well studied, generic boundaries within the family remain poorly resolved due to the lack of type materials and molecular data. To address this issue and establish a more stable and reliable classification system in Sympoventuriaceae, we performed multi-locus phylogenetic analyses using sequence data of seven genes (SSU, ITS, LSU, act1, tub2, tef1 and rpb2) with increased taxon sampling and morphological analysis. The molecular data combined with detailed morphological studies of 143 taxa resolved 22 genera within the family, including one new genus, eight new species, five new combinations and one new name. Finally, we further investigated the evolutionary history of Sympoventuriaceae by reconstructing patterns of lifestyle diversification, indicating the ancestral state to be saprophytic, with transitions to endophytic, animal or human opportunistic and plant pathogens. Citation: Wei TP, Zhang H, Zeng XY, et al. 2022. Re-evaluation of Sympoventuriaceae. Persoonia 48: 219-260. https://doi.org/10.3767/persoonia.2022.48.07.. Effectively published online: 17 June 2022 [Received: 2 February 2022; Accepted: 27 April 2022].
| S-EPMC10792283 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Background There is a paucity of evidence to guide decision-making regarding continuation of virtual interviews. Objective To evaluate residency applicant preferences for continuation of virtual interviews. Methods This retrospective, cross-sectional analysis utilized data from the Texas Seeking Transparency in Application to Residency (STAR) survey to evaluate (1) what percentage of applicants favor continuation of virtual interviews from 2021 to 2023, and (2) what factors predict a preference for continuation of virtual interviews. The Texas STAR survey is distributed annually to graduating medical students in the United States. It contains approximately 50 questions related to academic metrics and the residency application process, as well as 5 optional sociodemographic questions. Results The response rate for our sample was 37.3% (20 947 respondents out of 56 226 potential respondents), and 20 547 met inclusion criteria. Among these, 14 127 (68.8%) applicants favored continuation of virtual interviews. The percentage of applicants favoring continuation of virtual interviews increased annually (57.5% in 2021, 70.2% in 2022, and 78.8% in 2023; P<.001). Female sex (OR 1.43; 95% CI 1.30-1.56; P<.001), underrepresented in medicine (UIM) status (OR 1.75; 95% CI 1.51-2.01; P<.001), and geographic region (Central: OR 1.19; 95% CI 1.06-1.34; P=.003, and Northeast: OR 1.20; 95% CI 1.07-1.34; P=.002, versus South) were associated with favoring continuation of virtual interviews. Applicants to a surgical specialty (OR 0.58; 95% CI 0.53-0.64; P<.001) were less likely to agree with the continuation of virtual interviews. Conclusions Most applicants favor continuation of virtual residency interviews, a trend that has increased over 3 consecutive application cycles.
| S-EPMC11838067 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Reviews of undergraduate medical education cautiously support the short term and long term outcomes of problem based learning compared with traditional learning. The effectiveness of problem based learning in continuing medical education, however, has not been reviewed. This review of controlled evaluation studies found limited evidence that problem based learning in continuing medical education increased participants' knowledge and performance and patients' health. There was moderate evidence that doctors are more satisfied with problem based learning.
| S-EPMC64518 | biostudies-literature
Project description:IntroductionEvaluation of education interventions is essential for continuous improvement as it provides insights into how and why outcomes occur. Specifically, for physicians' continuing professional development (CPD) programs, which aim to upskill physicians in a range of practice-essential domains, evaluations are crucial to assure physicians' continuous development, enhanced patient care and safety. However, evaluations of health professions education (HPE) interventions tend to be outcomes focused, failing to capture how and why outcomes occur. This scoping review aimed to identify evaluation techniques used to evaluate CPD programs for physicians, and to determine how these techniques are being implemented as well as the their quality.MethodsWe searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, among others for English publications on evaluation of CPD programs for physicians, in the past decade. We used a data charting template to extract study details regarding the evaluation techniques and produced a checklist to assess the quality of the evaluations.Results101 studies were included; of which 91 studies did not use an evaluation framework. Our findings revealed shortcomings in the evaluations of CPD programs including lack of attention to: intervention processes; unintended outcomes and contextual factors; use of theory; evaluation framework use; and rationale for chosen evaluation method.DiscussionOur findings highlighted major gaps in the evaluation techniques employed in physicians' CPD. Attention needs to be paid to evaluating both program processes and outcomes to illuminate how and why impacts are or are not occurring.
| S-EPMC10237247 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Sentiment quantification is the task of training, by means of supervised learning, estimators of the relative frequency (also called "prevalence") of sentiment-related classes (such as Positive, Neutral, Negative) in a sample of unlabelled texts. This task is especially important when these texts are tweets, since the final goal of most sentiment classification efforts carried out on Twitter data is actually quantification (and not the classification of individual tweets). It is well-known that solving quantification by means of "classify and count" (i.e., by classifying all unlabelled items by means of a standard classifier and counting the items that have been assigned to a given class) is less than optimal in terms of accuracy, and that more accurate quantification methods exist. Gao and Sebastiani 2016 carried out a systematic comparison of quantification methods on the task of tweet sentiment quantification. In hindsight, we observe that the experimentation carried out in that work was weak, and that the reliability of the conclusions that were drawn from the results is thus questionable. We here re-evaluate those quantification methods (plus a few more modern ones) on exactly the same datasets, this time following a now consolidated and robust experimental protocol (which also involves simulating the presence, in the test data, of class prevalence values very different from those of the training set). This experimental protocol (even without counting the newly added methods) involves a number of experiments 5,775 times larger than that of the original study. Due to the above-mentioned presence, in the test data, of samples characterised by class prevalence values very different from those of the training set, the results of our experiments are dramatically different from those obtained by Gao and Sebastiani, and provide a different, much more solid understanding of the relative strengths and weaknesses of different sentiment quantification methods.
| S-EPMC9481048 | biostudies-literature