Primary cilia regulate hippocampal neurogenesis by mediating sonic hedgehog signaling.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Breunig JJ
PROVIDER: S-EPMC2529104 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:ARL13B is a regulatory GTPase highly enriched in cilia. Complete loss of Arl13b disrupts cilia architecture, protein trafficking and Sonic hedgehog signaling. To determine whether ARL13B is required within cilia, we knocked in a cilia-excluded variant of ARL13B (V358A) and showed it retains all known biochemical function. We found that ARL13BV358A protein was expressed but could not be detected in cilia, even when retrograde ciliary transport was blocked. We showed Arl13bV358A/V358A mice are viable and fertile with normal Shh signal transduction. However, in contrast to wild type cilia, Arl13bV358A/V358A cells displayed short cilia and lacked ciliary ARL3 and INPP5E. These data indicate that ARL13B's role within cilia can be uncoupled from its function outside of cilia. Furthermore, these data imply that the cilia defects upon complete absence of ARL13B do not underlie the alterations in Shh transduction, which is unexpected given the requirement of cilia for Shh transduction.
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Project description:Midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neurons modulate various motor and cognitive functions, and their dysfunction or degeneration has been implicated in several psychiatric diseases. Both Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) and Wnt signaling pathways have been shown to be essential for normal development of mDA neurons. Primary cilia are critical for the development of a number of structures in the brain by serving as a hub for essential developmental signaling cascades, but their role in the generation of mDA neurons has not been examined. We analyzed mutant mouse lines deficient in the intraflagellar transport protein IFT88, which is critical for primary cilia function. Conditional inactivation of Ift88 in the midbrain after E9.0 results in progressive loss of primary cilia, a decreased size of the mDA progenitor domain, and a reduction in mDA neurons. We identified Shh signaling as the primary cause of these defects, since conditional inactivation of the Shh signaling pathway after E9.0, through genetic ablation of Gli2 and Gli3 in the midbrain, results in a phenotype basically identical to the one seen in Ift88 conditional mutants. Moreover, the expansion of the mDA progenitor domain observed when Shh signaling is constitutively activated does not occur in absence of Ift88. In contrast, clusters of Shh-responding progenitors are maintained in the ventral midbrain of the hypomorphic Ift88 mouse mutant, cobblestone. Despite the residual Shh signaling, the integrity of the mDA progenitor domain is severely disturbed, and consequently very few mDA neurons are generated in cobblestone mutants. Our results identify for the first time a crucial role of primary cilia in the induction of mDA progenitors, define a narrow time window in which Shh-mediated signaling is dependent upon normal primary cilia function for this purpose, and suggest that later Wnt signaling-dependent events act independently of primary cilia.
| S-EPMC5873949 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Background:Primary cilia are small non-motile microtubule and cell membrane protrusions expressed on most vertebrate cells, including cortical and hippocampal neurons. These small organelles serve as sensory structures sampling the extracellular environment and reprogramming the transcriptional machinery in response to environmental change. Primary cilia are decorated with a variety of receptor proteins and are necessary for specific signaling cascades such as the Sonic hedgehog (Shh) pathway. Disrupting cilia structure or function results in a spectrum of diseases collectively referred to as ciliopathies. Common to human ciliopathies is cognitive impairment, a symptom also observed in Alzheimer's disease (AD). One hallmark of AD is accumulation of senile plaques composed of neurotoxic Amyloid-? (A?) peptide. The A? peptide is generated by the proteolytic cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein (APP). We set out to determine if A? affects primary cilia structure and the Shh signaling cascade. Methods:We utilized in vitro cell-based assays in combination with fluorescent confocal microscopy to address our study goals. Shh signaling and cilia structure was studied using two different cell lines, mouse NIH3T3 and human HeLa cells. To investigate how A? levels affect Shh signaling and cilia structure in these cells, we utilized naturally secreted A? as well as synthetic A?. Effects on Shh signaling were assessed by luciferase activity while cilia structure was analyzed by fluorescent microscopy. Results:Here, we report that APP localizes to primary cilia and A? treatment results in distorted primary cilia structure. In addition, we demonstrate that A? treatment interrupts canonical Shh signal transduction. Conclusions:Overall, our study illustrates that A? can alter primary cilia structure suggesting that elevated A? levels, like those observed in AD patients, could have similar effects on neuronal primary cilia in the brain. Additionally, our study suggests that A? impairs the Shh signaling pathway. Together our findings shed light on two novel targets for future AD therapeutics.
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Project description:Signaling mechanisms involving Wnt/beta-catenin and sonic hedgehog (Shh) are known to regulate the development of ventral midbrain (vMB) dopamine neurons. However, the interactions between these two mechanisms and how such interactions can be targeted to promote a maximal production of dopamine neurons are not fully understood. Here we show that conditional mouse mutants with region-specific activation of beta-catenin signaling in vMB using the Shh-Cre mice show a marked expansion of Sox2-, Ngn2-, and Otx2-positive progenitors but perturbs their cell cycle exit and reduces the generation of dopamine neurons. Furthermore, activation of beta-catenin in vMB also results in a progressive loss of Shh expression and Shh target genes. Such antagonistic effects between the activation of Wnt/beta-catenin and Shh can be recapitulated in vMB progenitors and in mouse embryonic stem cell cultures. Notwithstanding these antagonistic interactions, cell-type-specific activation of beta-catenin in the midline progenitors using the tyrosine hydroxylase-internal ribosomal entry site-Cre (Th-IRES-Cre) mice leads to increased dopaminergic neurogenesis. Together, these results indicate the presence of a delicate balance between Wnt/beta-catenin and Shh signaling mechanisms in the progression from progenitors to dopamine neurons. Persistent activation of beta-catenin in early progenitors perturbs their cell cycle progression and antagonizes Shh expression, whereas activation of beta-catenin in midline progenitors promotes the generation of dopamine neurons.
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Project description:Previous studies have suggested that defects in pancreatic epithelium caused by activation of the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway are secondary to changes in the differentiation state of the surrounding mesenchyme. However, recent results describe a role of the pathway in pancreatic epithelium, both during development and in adult tissue during neoplastic transformation. To determine the consequences of epithelial Hh activation during pancreas development, we employed a transgenic mouse model in which an activated version of GLI2, a transcriptional mediator of the pathway, is overexpressed specifically in the pancreatic epithelium. Surprisingly, efficient Hh activation was not observed in these transgenic mice, indicating the presence of physiological mechanisms within pancreas epithelium that prevent full Hh activation. Additional studies revealed that primary cilia regulate the level of Hh activation, and that ablation of these cellular organelles is sufficient to cause significant up-regulation of the Hh pathway in pancreata of mice overexpressing GLI2. As a consequence of overt Hh activation, we observe profound morphological changes in both the exocrine and endocrine pancreas. Increased Hh activity also induced the expansion of an undifferentiated cell population expressing progenitor markers. Thus, our findings suggest that Hh signaling plays a critical role in regulating pancreatic epithelial plasticity.
| S-EPMC2890485 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The Hedgehog signaling pathway is essential for many aspects of normal embryonic development, including formation and patterning of the neural tube. Absence of the sonic hedgehog (shh) ligand is associated with the midline defect holoprosencephaly, whereas increased Shh signaling is associated with exencephaly and spina bifida. To complicate this apparently simple relationship, mutation of proteins required for function of cilia often leads to impaired Shh signaling and to disruption of neural tube closure. In this article, we review the literature on Shh pathway mutants and discuss the relationship between Shh signaling, cilia, and neural tube defects.
| S-EPMC3635124 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Parkinson's disease-associated LRRK2 kinase phosphorylates multiple Rab GTPases, including Rab8A and Rab10. We show here that LRRK2 kinase interferes with primary cilia formation in cultured cells, human LRRK2 G2019S iPS cells and in the cortex of LRRK2 R1441C mice. Rab10 phosphorylation strengthens its intrinsic ability to block ciliogenesis by enhancing binding to RILPL1. Importantly, the ability of LRRK2 to interfere with ciliogenesis requires both Rab10 and RILPL1 proteins. Pathogenic LRRK2 influences the ability of cells to respond to cilia-dependent, Hedgehog signaling as monitored by Gli1 transcriptional activation. Moreover, cholinergic neurons in the striatum of LRRK2 R1441C mice show decreased ciliation, which will decrease their ability to sense Sonic hedgehog in a neuro-protective circuit that supports dopaminergic neurons. These data reveal a molecular pathway for regulating cilia function that likely contributes to Parkinson's disease-specific pathology. Editorial note:This article has been through an editorial process in which the authors decide how to respond to the issues raised during peer review. The Reviewing Editor's assessment is that all the issues have been addressed (see decision letter).
| S-EPMC6219843 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Intraflagellar transport (IFT) is essential for the formation and function of the microtubule-based primary cilium, which acts as a sensory and signalling device at the cell surface. Consisting of IFT-A/B and BBSome cargo adaptors that associate with molecular motors, IFT transports protein into (anterograde IFT) and out of (retrograde IFT) the cilium. In this study, we identify the mostly uncharacterised ERICH3 protein as a component of the mammalian primary cilium. Loss of ERICH3 causes abnormally short cilia and results in the accumulation of IFT-A/B proteins at the ciliary tip, together with reduced ciliary levels of retrograde transport regulators, ARL13B, INPP5E and BBS5. We also show that ERICH3 ciliary localisations require ARL13B and BBSome components. Finally, ERICH3 loss causes positive (Smoothened) and negative (GPR161) regulators of sonic hedgehog signaling (Shh) to accumulate at abnormally high levels in the cilia of pathway-stimulated cells. Together, these findings identify ERICH3 as a novel component of the primary cilium that regulates cilium length and the ciliary levels of Shh signaling molecules. We propose that ERICH3 functions within retrograde IFT-associated pathways to remove signaling proteins from cilia.
| S-EPMC6848114 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Mammalian Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling is essential for embryonic development and stem cell maintenance and has critical roles in tumorigenesis. Although core components of the Shh pathway are conserved in evolution, important aspects of mammalian Shh signaling are not shared with the Drosophila pathway. Perhaps the most dramatic difference between the Drosophila and mammalian pathways is that Shh signaling in the mouse requires a microtubule-based organelle, the primary cilium. Proteins that are required for the response to Shh are enriched in the cilium, but it is not clear why the cilium provides an appropriate venue for signal transduction. Here, we demonstrate that Kif7, a mammalian homologue of Drosophila Costal2 (Cos2), is a cilia-associated protein that regulates signaling from the membrane protein Smoothened (Smo) to Gli transcription factors. By using a Kif7 mutant allele identified in a reporter-based genetic screen, we show that, similar to Drosophila and zebrafish Cos2, mouse Kif7 acts downstream of Smo and upstream of Gli2 and has both negative and positive roles in Shh signal transduction. Mouse Kif7 activity depends on the presence of cilia and Kif7-eGFP localizes to base of the primary cilium in the absence of Shh. Activation of the Shh pathway promotes trafficking of Kif7-eGFP from the base to the tip of the cilium, and localization to the tip of the cilium is disrupted in a motor domain mutant. We conclude that Kif7 is a core regulator of Shh signaling that may also act as a ciliary motor.
| S-EPMC2726420 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Zfp423 encodes a 30-zinc finger transcription factor that intersects several canonical signaling pathways. Zfp423 mutations result in ciliopathy-related phenotypes, including agenesis of the cerebellar vermis in mice and Joubert syndrome (JBTS19) and nephronophthisis (NPHP14) in humans. Unlike most ciliopathy genes, Zfp423 encodes a nuclear protein and its developmental expression is complex, leading to alternative proposals for cellular mechanisms. Here we show that Zfp423 is expressed by cerebellar granule cell precursors, that loss of Zfp423 in these precursors leads to cell-intrinsic reduction in proliferation, loss of response to Shh, and primary cilia abnormalities that include diminished frequency of both Smoothened and IFT88 localization. Loss of Zfp423 alters expression of several genes encoding key cilium components, including increased expression of Tulp3. Tulp3 is a direct binding target of Zfp423 and reducing the overexpression of Tulp3 in Zfp423-deficient cells suppresses Smoothened translocation defects. These results define Zfp423 deficiency as a bona fide ciliopathy, acting upstream of Shh signaling, and indicate a mechanism intrinsic to granule cell precursors for the resulting cerebellar hypoplasia.
| S-EPMC5065120 | biostudies-literature