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Substituent effects on regioselectivity in the autoxidation of nonconjugated dienes.

ABSTRACT: Free radical oxidation of several 1,4-dienes was carried out in the presence of variable concentrations of alpha-tocopherol to investigate the effect of diene structure on product distribution. Oxidations carried out at low tocopherol concentration gave only C-1 and C-5 conjugated diene hydroperoxides, while higher concentrations of the antioxidant resulted in formation of substantial amounts of the nonconjugated C-3 diene hydroperoxide. Increasing size of the substituents at C-1 and C-5 of the diene favors kinetic products arising from oxygen addition at the nonconjugated position, C-3, of the pentadienyl radical intermediate. Substituents at C-1 or C-5 of the pentadienyl radical also have a significant effect on the regioselectivity of the conjugated diene hydroperoxides formed, larger substituents directing oxygen addition to the pentadienyl radical at the site of least steric hindrance. This trend is also observed in oxidations of omega-3 and omega-6 linolenate fatty acid esters. Groups at C-1 and C-5 of the diene can influence product distribution based upon (a) steric demand in the oxygen-radical reaction and (b) the influence of substituents on the rearrangement of the C-3 peroxyl radical to give conjugated diene products.

SUBMITTER: Tallman KA

PROVIDER: S-EPMC2889150 | biostudies-literature | 2009 Apr

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Substituent effects on regioselectivity in the autoxidation of nonconjugated dienes.

Tallman Keri A KA Rector Christopher L CL Porter Ned A NA

Journal of the American Chemical Society 20090401 15

Free radical oxidation of several 1,4-dienes was carried out in the presence of variable concentrations of alpha-tocopherol to investigate the effect of diene structure on product distribution. Oxidations carried out at low tocopherol concentration gave only C-1 and C-5 conjugated diene hydroperoxides, while higher concentrations of the antioxidant resulted in formation of substantial amounts of the nonconjugated C-3 diene hydroperoxide. Increasing size of the substituents at C-1 and C-5 of the ...[more]

PMID: 19331391

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Project description:Molecular recognition in water involves contributions due to polar functional group interactions, partial desolvation of polar and non-polar surfaces and changes in conformational flexibility, presenting a challenge for rational design and interpretation of supramolecular behaviour. Conformationally well-defined supramolecular complexes that can be studied in both water and non-polar solvents provide a platform for disentangling these contributions. Here 1 : 1 complexes formed between four different calix[4]pyrrole receptors and thirteen different pyridine N-oxide guests have been used to dissect the factors that govern substituent effects on aromatic interactions in water. H-bonding interactions between the receptor pyrrole donors and the guest N-oxide acceptor at one end of the complex lock the geometrical arrangement of a cluster of aromatic interactions at the other end of the complex, so that a phenyl group on the guest makes two edge-to-face and two stacking interactions with the four aromatic side-walls of the receptor. The thermodynamic contribution of these aromatic interactions to the overall stability of the complex was quantified by chemical double mutant cycles using isothermal titration calorimetry and 1H NMR competition experiments. Aromatic interactions between the receptor and a phenyl group on the guest stabilise the complex by a factor of 1000, and addition of substituents to the guest phenyl group further stabilises the complex by an additional factor of up to 1000. When a nitro substituent is present on the guest phenyl group, the complex has a sub-picomolar dissociation constant (370 fM). The remarkable substituent effects observed in water for these complexes can be rationalised by comparison with the magnitude of the corresponding substituent effects measured in chloroform. In chloroform, the double mutant cycle free energy measurements of the aromatic interactions correlate well with the substituent Hammett parameters. Electron-withdrawing substituents increase the strength of the interactions by a factor of up to 20, highlighting the role of electrostatics in stabilising both the edge-to-face and stacking interactions. The enhanced substituent effects observed in water are due to entropic contributions associated with the desolvation of hydrophobic surfaces on the substituents. The flexible alkyl chains that line the open end of the binding site assist the desolvation of the non-polar π-surfaces of polar substituents, like nitro, but at the same time allow water to interact with the polar H-bond acceptor sites on the substituent. This flexibility allows polar substituents to maximise non-polar interactions with the receptor and polar interactions with the solvent, leading to remarkably high binding affinities.

Dataset Information

Substituent effects on regioselectivity in the autoxidation of nonconjugated dienes.

Publications

Substituent effects on regioselectivity in the autoxidation of nonconjugated dienes.

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