Dataset Information

Acidosis: the prime determinant of depressed sensorium in diabetic ketoacidosis.

ABSTRACT:

Objective

The etiology of altered sensorium in diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) remains unclear. Therefore, we sought to determine the origin of depressed consciousness in DKA.

Research design and methods

We analyzed retrospectively clinical and biochemical data of DKA patients admitted in a community teaching hospital.

Results

We recorded 216 cases, 21% of which occurred in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Mean serum osmolality and pH were 304 +/- 31.6 mOsm/kg and 7.14 +/- 0.15, respectively. Acidosis emerged as the prime determinant of altered sensorium, but hyperosmolarity played a synergistic role in patients with severe acidosis to precipitate depressed sensorium (odds ratio 2.87). Combination of severe acidosis and hyperosmolarity predicted altered consciousness with 61% sensitivity and 87% specificity. Mortality occurred in 0.9% of the cases.

Conclusions

Acidosis was independently associated with altered sensorium, but hyperosmolarity and serum "ketone" levels were not. Combination of hyperosmolarity and acidosis predicted altered sensorium with good sensitivity and specificity.

SUBMITTER: Nyenwe EA

PROVIDER: S-EPMC2909073 | biostudies-literature | 2010 Aug

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Publications

Acidosis: the prime determinant of depressed sensorium in diabetic ketoacidosis.

Nyenwe Ebenezer A EA Razavi Laleh N LN Kitabchi Abbas E AE Khan Amna N AN Wan Jim Y JY

Diabetes care 20100518 8

<h4>Objective</h4>The etiology of altered sensorium in diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) remains unclear. Therefore, we sought to determine the origin of depressed consciousness in DKA.<h4>Research design and methods</h4>We analyzed retrospectively clinical and biochemical data of DKA patients admitted in a community teaching hospital.<h4>Results</h4>We recorded 216 cases, 21% of which occurred in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Mean serum osmolality and pH were 304 +/- 31.6 mOsm/kg and 7.14 +/- 0.15, ...[more]

PMID: 20484127

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Project description:Background/objectiveThe prevalence of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is very low. We describe a patient with GDM in whom severe DKA with intrauterine fetal demise developed in the setting of nonadherence to therapy.Case reportA 33-year-old woman, G2P0010, with no preexisting diabetes mellitus (DM) presented at 30 weeks of gestation with acute-onset altered sensorium, nausea, and emesis. GDM was diagnosed at 15 weeks of gestation with a serum glucose level of 266 mg/dL (70-134 mg/dL) after 1-hour 50-gram glucose challenge test. Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C) was 5.9% (41 mmol/mol) at the time of GMD diagnosis. Insulin was initiated at week 20 of gestation. On presentation, serum glucose level of 920 mg/dL (70-110 mg/dL), pH of 7.02 (7.32-7.43), anion gap level of 38 mmol (5-17 mmol), bicarbonate level of 5.0 mEq/L (22-29 mEq/L), and large serum ketones were found. Ultrasound showed intrauterine fetal demise. She received intravenous fluids and continuous insulin. Following the spontaneous delivery of a nonviable fetus, DKA was resolved. Negative antiglutamic acid decarboxylase, islet cell, and zinc transporter 8 antibodies, C-peptide level of 2.4 ng/dL (1.1-4.4 ng/dL), and HbA1C level of 9% (75 mmol/mol) were found. Inpatient management included basal-bolus and sliding scale insulin therapies. Metformin was added upon discharge 7 days after admission. The HbA1C levels were 5.3% (34 mmol/mol) and 5% (31 mmol/mol) at the 3- and 6-month follow-ups, respectively. Insulin was discontinued. Currently, the patient is on metformin and glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist.DiscussionThe development of insulin resistance during pregnancy is driven by multiple factors. Approximately 1% to 2% of pregnant women with impaired glucose tolerance develop DKA; most cases occur in women with type 1 DM. The approximate incidence of DKA in GDM is 0.02%.ConclusionDKA complicating GDM is extremely infrequent, but it cannot be dismissed. Early recognition along with prompt and appropriate medical and obstetrical management is critical.

Project description:The target audience of this simulation is emergency medicine residents and medical students. The simulation is based on a real case of a 12-year-old male who presented obtunded with shortness of breath and hypothermia who was ultimately diagnosed with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and pneumomediastinum. This case highlights the diagnosis and management of an adolescent with new onset diabetic ketoacidosis and pneumomediastinum with deterioration of status, as well as important ventilator settings if intubation is required in the setting of diabetic ketoacidosis. Type 1 diabetes is a common disease in the pediatric population with the prevalence being approximately 2.15 per 1000 youths and diabetic ketoacidosis being the presenting status in 30-40% of the patients.1 Physicians who evaluate a child with altered mental status must have diabetic ketoacidosis in their differential. In the setting of mechanical ventilation in patients with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), special care must be taken. Mechanical ventilation in these patients comes with increased risk, morbidity, and mortality. Risk factors for pneumomediastinum include lung disease such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and malignancy, but also can occur in the acute setting of vomiting or trauma.2. By the end of the simulation, learners will be able to: 1) develop a differential diagnosis for an adolescent who presents obtunded with shortness of breath; 2) discuss the management of diabetic ketoacidosis; 3) discuss management of hypothermia in a pediatric patient; 4) discuss appropriate ventilator settings in a patient with diabetic ketoacidosis; and 5) demonstrate interpersonal communication with family, nursing, and consultants during high stress situations. This is a high-fidelity simulation that allows learners to manage the diagnosis and treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis and hypothermia in an adolescent patient. Participants participated in a debriefing after the simulation. There should be approximately 4-5 learners per case. This simulation was performed in 3 sessions. Each learner performed this simulation one time. The effectiveness of this case was evaluated by surveys given to learners after debriefing. Learners gave quantitative and qualitative results of their feedback using a 1-5 rating scale and open-ended written questions. This case was trialed with residents in their first through third years of training as well as fourth year medical students. Feedback was very positive, with 19 residents completing the post-simulation survey. They enjoyed the case and reported they would feel more comfortable in a comparable situation in the future. Four survey questions were asked of the participants. On average, learners stated they felt the simulation improved their ability to manage a pediatric DKA patient, and their knowledge of complications and appropriate ventilator settings improved (modes of 5, 4 and 5, respectively). Diabetic ketoacidosis is a common and critical diagnosis for emergency medicine physicians to consider in the setting of altered mental status in a pediatric patient. This simulation has multiple steps and is based on a real case of an obtunded and hypothermic pediatric patient who was ultimately diagnosed with diabetic ketoacidosis complicated by pneumomediastinum. Diabetic ketoacidosis, pneumomediastinum, hypothermia, altered mental status, pediatrics, adolescent, intubation, hypoxia, ventilator settings, cardiac arrest, emergency medicine, medical simulation.

Dataset Information

Acidosis: the prime determinant of depressed sensorium in diabetic ketoacidosis.

Objective

Research design and methods

Results

Conclusions

Publications

Acidosis: the prime determinant of depressed sensorium in diabetic ketoacidosis.

Similar Datasets

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