Sunscreen prevention of melanoma in man and mouse.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Klug HL
PROVIDER: S-EPMC2995311 | biostudies-literature | 2010 Dec
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
Publications
Sunscreen prevention of melanoma in man and mouse.
Klug Heather L P HL Tooze Janet A JA Graff-Cherry Cari C Anver Miriam R MR Noonan Frances P FP Fears Thomas R TR Tucker Margaret A MA De Fabo Edward C EC Merlino Glenn G
Pigment cell & melanoma research 20100820 6
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Project description:Whether sunscreen use affects melanoma risk has been widely studied with contradictory results. To answer this question we performed a systematic review of all published studies, accounting for sources of heterogeneity and bias. We searched for original articles investigating the sunscreen-melanoma association in humans to February 28, 2018. We then used random-effects meta-analysis to combine estimates of the association, stratified by study design. Stratified meta-analysis and meta-regression were used to identify sources of heterogeneity. We included 21,069 melanoma cases from 28 studies published 1979-2018: 23 case-control (11 hospital-based, 12 population-based), 1 ecological, 3 cohort and 1 randomised controlled trial (RCT). There was marked heterogeneity across study designs and among case-control studies but adjustment for confounding by sun exposure, sunburns and phenotype systematically moved estimates toward decreased melanoma risk among sunscreen users. Ever- vs. never-use of sunscreen was inversely associated with melanoma in hospital-based case-control studies (adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 0.57, 95%confidence interval (CI) 0.37-0.87, pheterogeneity < 0.001), the ecological study (rate ratio = 0.48, 95%CI 0.35-0.66), and the RCT (hazard ratio (HR) = 0.49, 95%CI 0.24-1.01). It was not associated in population-based case-control studies (OR = 1.17, 95%CI 0.90-1.51, pheterogeneity < 0.001) and was positively associated in the cohort studies (HR = 1.27, 95%CI 1.07-1.51, pheterogeneity = 0.236). The association differed by latitude (pinteraction = 0.042), region (pinteraction = 0.008), adjustment for naevi/freckling (pinteraction = 0.035), and proportion of never-sunscreen-users (pinteraction = 0·012). Evidence from observational studies on sunscreen use and melanoma risk was weak and heterogeneous, consistent with the challenges of controlling for innate confounding by indication. The only RCT showed a protective effect of sunscreen.
| S-EPMC6451658 | biostudies-literature
Project description:ImportanceThere are limited data among young adults on sunscreen use during childhood and adulthood and on the association of sunscreen use with melanoma risk.ObjectiveTo assess correlates of early-life sunscreen use and the association between sunscreen use and risk of cutaneous melanoma before age 40 years.Design, setting, and participantsThis population-based, case-control family study analyzed Australian Melanoma Family Study data for persons with questionnaire data on sunscreen use collected by interview from 2001 to 2005 across 3 states in Australia, representing two-thirds of the country's population. Case participants (aged 18-39 years) had confirmed first primary melanoma. Siblings of case participants were included, and case participants without a sibling control were excluded. Unrelated controls (aged 18-44 years) were recruited from the electoral roll or were a spouse, partner, or friend nominated by case participants. Data analyses were conducted from October 2017 to February 2018.ExposuresSelf- and parent-reported sunscreen use, sun exposure, and other candidate risk factors during childhood and adulthood.Main outcomes and measuresLogistic regression analyses adjusted for potential confounders were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) for melanoma and for correlates of sunscreen use.ResultsParticipation was 629 of 830 contactable cases (76%) (629 of 1197 overall [53%]), 240 of 570 contactable controls (42%) from the electoral roll (240 of 1068 overall [23%]), and 295 of 371 nominated spouse or friend controls (80%); analysis incuded 603 cases and 1088 controls. The median (interquartile range) age was 32 (28-36) years for 603 cases, 35 (30-38) years for 478 unrelated controls, and 34 (29-38) years for 610 sibling controls. There were more women than men (range, 57%-62%) in all groups, approximately 40% (range, 39%-43%) of participants had a university education, and most participants (range, 58%-73%) had British/northern European ethnicity. Risk of melanoma was less with higher use of sunscreen in childhood (OR for highest vs lowest tertiles, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.42-0.87; P = .02 for trend) and across the lifetime (OR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.45-0.93; P = .07 for trend). Subgroup analyses suggested that the protective association of sunscreen with melanoma was stronger for people reporting blistering sunburn, receiving a diagnosis of melanoma at a younger age, or having some or many nevi. Total lifetime sun exposure was unrelated to melanoma risk (OR for highest vs lowest tertile, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.66-1.43; P = .94 for trend). By contrast, total sun exposure inversely weighted by sunscreen use (as a measure of sun exposure unprotected by sunscreen) was significantly associated with melanoma risk (OR, 1.80; 95% CI, 1.22-2.65; P = .007 for trend) and appeared stronger for people having lighter pigmentation or some or many nevi or using sunscreen to stay longer in the sun. Regular users of sunscreen were more likely to be female, younger, and of British or northern European ancestry and to have higher educational levels, lighter skin pigmentation, and a stronger history of blistering sunburn.Conclusions and relevanceOur findings provided evidence that regular sunscreen use is significantly associated with reduced risk of cutaneous melanoma among young adults and identified several characteristics associated with less sunscreen use.
| S-EPMC6143037 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Human and mouse subjects tried to anticipate at which of 2 locations a reward would appear. On a randomly scheduled fraction of the trials, it appeared with a short latency at one location; on the complementary fraction, it appeared after a longer latency at the other location. Subjects of both species accurately assessed the exogenous uncertainty (the probability of a short versus a long trial) and the endogenous uncertainty (from the scalar variability in their estimates of an elapsed duration) to compute the optimal target latency for a switch from the short- to the long-latency location. The optimal latency was arrived at so rapidly that there was no reliably discernible improvement over trials. Under these nonverbal conditions, humans and mice accurately assess risks and behave nearly optimally. That this capacity is well-developed in the mouse opens up the possibility of a genetic approach to the neurobiological mechanisms underlying risk assessment.
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Project description:The lymphatic circulatory system has diverse functions in lipid absorption, fluid homeostasis, and immune surveillance and responds dynamically when presented with infection, inflammation, altered hemodynamics, and cancer. Visualization of these dynamic processes in human disease and animal models of disease is key to understanding the contributory role of the lymphatic circulatory system in disease and to devising effective therapeutic strategies. Longitudinal, non-destructive, and repeated imaging is necessary to expand our understanding of disease progression and regression in basic science and clinical investigations. Herein we summarize recent advances in in vivo lymphatic imaging employing magnetic resonance, computed tomography, lymphoscintigraphy, and emerging optical techniques with respect to their contributory roles in both basic science and clinical research investigations.
| S-EPMC3938259 | biostudies-literature
Project description:NF-κB (nuclear factor-kappa B) is a transcription complex crucial for host defense mediated by innate and adaptive immunity, where canonical NF-κB signaling, mediated by nuclear translocation of RelA, c-Rel, and p50, is important for immune cell activation, differentiation, and survival. Non-canonical signaling mediated by nuclear translocation of p52 and RelB contributes to lymphocyte maturation and survival and is also crucial for lymphoid organogenesis. We outline NF-κB signaling and regulation, then summarize important molecular contributions of NF-κB to mechanisms of self-tolerance. We relate these mechanisms to autoimmune phenotypes described in what is now a substantial catalog of immune defects conferred by mutations in NF-κB pathways in mouse models. Finally, we describe Mendelian autoimmune syndromes arising from human NF-κB mutations, and speculate on implications for understanding sporadic autoimmune disease.
| S-EPMC5900062 | biostudies-literature
Project description:IntroductionPolymorphic light eruption (PLE) is the most common idiopathic, acquired photodermatosis. The pathophysiology of PLE is not yet fully understood but seems to involve immunological mechanisms, UVA-induced oxidative stress, and the subsequent elicitation of a cellular stress response affecting keratinocyte gene expression and skin immune function. In the present study, a high broad-spectrum sunscreen medical device (MD), containing a very high protection complex of UVB and UVA filters and ectoin, was investigated for its ability to protect against UVA-induced PLE.MethodsThe study was carried out as a monocentric, double-blinded, randomized, untreated controlled design. The test MD was applied (2 mg/cm2) on one side of the chest according to a randomization list of 15 patients with a typical history of PLE, and the contralateral area remained untreated. After product application, the test areas were exposed daily to increasing doses of UVA radiation (from 40 to 60 J/cm2) until a PLE reaction was detected or for a maximum of five consecutive days. Evaluations of induced PLE included clinical scoring and chromametry for erythema and pigmentation.ResultsOverall, no positive PLE reaction was observed on the side of the chest treated by the test MD, whereas positive PLE reactions were triggered on the untreated side of 13 subjects. Subjective sensations were very rare on the MD-treated side but were numerous and more severe on the untreated side. Chromametry and clinical visual inspection indicated that the skin color was unchanged on the MD-protected side, whereas high increased values of erythema and pigmentation were observed on the untreated chest side.ConclusionThis MD sunscreen based on a complex of UVA-UVB filters and 1% of ectoin may be effective in preventing UVA-induced PLE. New studies comparing this MD sunscreen versus the same product without ectoin should be conducted.Clinicaltrialsgov identifier: NCT05320315 (retrospectively registered 09/17/2021).
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