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The schizophrenic faces of PICK1.

ABSTRACT: Schizophrenia is a grave psychiatric disorder with psychotic symptoms and an enigmatic etiology. Family studies have strongly indicated that genetic risk factors have a role in this disease. Recent findings, together with previously established evidence, highlight the PDZ-domain-containing protein interacting with C-kinase 1 (PICK1) as a promising candidate for a schizophrenia susceptibility gene. Here, we outline possible molecular mechanisms, discuss clinical case-studies that indicate an unexpected role of PICK1 in schizophrenia and discuss potential avenues for pharmacological manipulation of PICK1.

SUBMITTER: Dev KK

PROVIDER: S-EPMC3314511 | biostudies-literature | 2006 Nov

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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The schizophrenic faces of PICK1.

Dev Kumlesh K KK Henley Jeremy M JM

Trends in pharmacological sciences 20060929 11

Schizophrenia is a grave psychiatric disorder with psychotic symptoms and an enigmatic etiology. Family studies have strongly indicated that genetic risk factors have a role in this disease. Recent findings, together with previously established evidence, highlight the PDZ-domain-containing protein interacting with C-kinase 1 (PICK1) as a promising candidate for a schizophrenia susceptibility gene. Here, we outline possible molecular mechanisms, discuss clinical case-studies that indicate an unex ...[more]

PMID: 17011050

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Project description:BackgroundWhile humans (like other primates) communicate with facial expressions, the evolution of speech added a new function to the facial muscles (facial expression muscles). The evolution of speech required the development of a coordinated action between visual (movement of the lips) and auditory signals in a rhythmic fashion to produce "visemes" (visual movements of the lips that correspond to specific sounds). Visemes depend upon facial muscles to regulate shape of the lips, which themselves act as speech articulators. This movement necessitates a more controlled, sustained muscle contraction than that produced during spontaneous facial expressions which occur rapidly and last only a short period of time. Recently, it was found that human tongue musculature contains a higher proportion of slow-twitch myosin fibers than in rhesus macaques, which is related to the slower, more controlled movements of the human tongue in the production of speech. Are there similar unique, evolutionary physiologic biases found in human facial musculature related to the evolution of speech?Methodology/prinicipal findingsUsing myosin immunohistochemistry, we tested the hypothesis that human facial musculature has a higher percentage of slow-twitch myosin fibers relative to chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). We sampled the orbicularis oris and zygomaticus major muscles from three cadavers of each species and compared proportions of fiber-types. Results confirmed our hypothesis: humans had the highest proportion of slow-twitch myosin fibers while chimpanzees had the highest proportion of fast-twitch fibers.Conclusions/significanceThese findings demonstrate that the human face is slower than that of rhesus macaques and our closest living relative, the chimpanzee. They also support the assertion that human facial musculature and speech co-evolved. Further, these results suggest a unique set of evolutionary selective pressures on human facial musculature to slow down while the function of this muscle group diverged from that of other primates.

Dataset Information

The schizophrenic faces of PICK1.

Publications

The schizophrenic faces of PICK1.

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