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Sex and ethnic differences in the waist circumference of 5-year-old children: findings from the Millennium Cohort Study.

ABSTRACT: We examined sex and ethnic differences in central fatness, as assessed by waist circumference measurements, in 13 590 Millennium Cohort Study 5-year-olds. Measurements were expressed as z-scores based on reference data from the British Standards Institute. The cohort, especially girls, had larger waist circumference measurements than the reference population. Black children had larger waist, and children from other minority ethnic groups had smaller waist than White children. Girls, and Black children, in the United Kingdom are at particular risk for central fatness. Further research is needed to clarify ethnic and other influences on fat distribution, and the health outcomes associated with central fatness.

SUBMITTER: Griffiths LJ

PROVIDER: S-EPMC3465805 | biostudies-literature | 2011 Jun

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Sex and ethnic differences in the waist circumference of 5-year-old children: findings from the Millennium Cohort Study.

Griffiths L J LJ Dezateux C C Cole T J TJ

International journal of pediatric obesity : IJPO : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity 20101115 2-2

We examined sex and ethnic differences in central fatness, as assessed by waist circumference measurements, in 13 590 Millennium Cohort Study 5-year-olds. Measurements were expressed as z-scores based on reference data from the British Standards Institute. The cohort, especially girls, had larger waist circumference measurements than the reference population. Black children had larger waist, and children from other minority ethnic groups had smaller waist than White children. Girls, and Black ch ...[more]

PMID: 21073404

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Project description:BackgroundBody mass index (BMI) is a common indirect method to assess weight status among children. There is evidence that BMI data alone can underestimate overweight-related health risk and that waist circumference (WC) should also be measured. In this study we investigated the agreement between BMI and WC and BMI and the waist-height ratio (WHtR) when used to identify overweight among children.MethodsThis cross-sectional population-based study uses baseline data from 5-year-olds (n = 7703) collected by healthcare professionals for the 'Be active, eat right' study.ResultsAccording to age-specific and sex-specific cut-off points for BMI (IOTF, 2000) and WC (Fredriks et al., 2005), the prevalence of overweight (obesity included) was 7.0% and 7.1% among boys, and 11.6% and 10.1% among girls, respectively. For the WHtR the 90th percentile was used as the cut-off point. Among boys, observed proportion of agreement between BMI and WC classification was 0.95, Cohen's kappa 0.58 (95% CI; 0.53-0.63), and proportions of positive and negative agreement were 0.61 and 0.97, respectively. Observed proportion of agreement between BMI and WHtR classification was 0.92, Cohen's kappa 0.46 (95% CI; 0.41-0.51), and proportions of positive and negative agreement were 0.51 and 0.95. Children identified as overweight according to WC were relatively tall, and children classified as overweight according to the WHtR only were relatively short (comparable results for girls).ConclusionsThere is moderate agreement between BMI and measures of WC on the presence of overweight among 5-year-olds. If BMI data and cut-offs continue to be used, then part of the group of children identified as overweight according to WC and the WHtR will be omitted. Follow-up of the children classified as overweight according to BMI only, WC only, and WHtR only, will give indications whether WC should be measured in addition to BMI or whether WC should only be measured in certain subgroups (e.g. relatively tall or short children) to identify and monitor overweight in children. This may improve early identification and prevention of overweight and overweight-related health problems in children.

Project description:BackgroundObesity is recognized as a major public health issue worldwide, characterized by a growing prevalence among adult males. Several studies have identified an association between obesity and sex steroid hormone levels but only a few have considered the relationship between waist circumference (WC) and sex hormone levels in adult males. This study therefore aimed to evaluate the relationships between waist circumference (WC) and various sex steroid hormone levels in adult males in the United States.MethodsThis study analyzed data from 3,359 adult males aged 20 years and above, who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2013-2016 in the United States. We collected demographic data, including WC, and serum levels of testosterone, estradiol, SHBG, FAI, and T/E2 ratio. We adjusted the variables using multiple linear regression models with R 4.2.2 and EmpowerStats.ResultsAfter adjusting for confounders, WC was found to be negatively associated with testosterone (β = -0.117, P < 0.001) but positively correlated with estradiol (β = 0.002, P=0.002), especially beyond a WC of 104.5 cm (β = 0.004, P < 0.001). Underweight individuals showed a contrasting positive correlation between WC and testosterone (β = 0.351, P=0.016). WC was inversely related to SHBG, particularly when WC was ≤99.1 cm (β = -0.036, P < 0.001). The FAI initially increased and then decreased with WC, peaking at 98.6 cm. The T/E2 ratio negatively correlated with WC (β = -0.074, P < 0.001). These relationships varied among subgroups but remained unaffected by age or physical activity time.ConclusionsWaist circumference is inversely correlated with testosterone, SHBG, and T/E2 ratio but positively correlated with estradiol, except for a positive correlation with testosterone in underweight males. Waist circumference serves as a crucial anthropometric measurement indicator for predicting sex steroid hormone levels in adult males.

Dataset Information

Sex and ethnic differences in the waist circumference of 5-year-old children: findings from the Millennium Cohort Study.

Publications

Sex and ethnic differences in the waist circumference of 5-year-old children: findings from the Millennium Cohort Study.

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