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Preparation and activities of macromolecule conjugates of the CCR5 antagonist Maraviroc.

ABSTRACT: CCR5 antagonists are among the most advanced approaches in HIV therapy and may also be relevant to treatment of graft-versus-host disease and Staphylococcus aureus infection. To expand the potential of the only approved CCR5 antagonist, Maraviroc, we studied derivatives that would enable functional linkage of Maraviroc to long-lived carriers. Through targeted synthesis, we discovered an effective linkage site on Maraviroc and demonstrate the potential of these derivatives to prepare potent chemically programmed antibodies and PEGylated derivatives. The resulting compounds effectively neutralized a variety of HIV-1 isolates. Both chemically programmed antibody and PEGylation approaches extend the neutralization activity of serum circulating Maraviroc. Derivation of a successful conjugation strategy for Maraviroc should further enable its use in chemically programmed vaccines, novel bispecific antibodies, and topical microbicides.

SUBMITTER: Asano S

PROVIDER: S-EPMC3927940 | biostudies-literature | 2014 Feb

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Preparation and activities of macromolecule conjugates of the CCR5 antagonist Maraviroc.

Asano Shigehiro S Gavrilyuk Julia J Burton Dennis R DR Barbas Carlos F CF

ACS medicinal chemistry letters 20140201 2

CCR5 antagonists are among the most advanced approaches in HIV therapy and may also be relevant to treatment of graft-versus-host disease and <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> infection. To expand the potential of the only approved CCR5 antagonist, Maraviroc, we studied derivatives that would enable functional linkage of Maraviroc to long-lived carriers. Through targeted synthesis, we discovered an effective linkage site on Maraviroc and demonstrate the potential of these derivatives to prepare poten ...[more]

PMID: 24563723

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Project description:BackgroundValproic acid (VPA) is a clinically used antiepileptic drug, but it is associated with a significant risk of a low verbal intelligence quotient (IQ) score, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder in children when it is administered during pregnancy. Prenatal VPA exposure has been reported to affect neurogenesis and neuronal migration and differentiation. In addition, growing evidence has shown that microglia and brain immune cells are activated by VPA treatment. However, the role of VPA-activated microglia remains unclear.MethodsPregnant female mice received sodium valproate on E11.5. A microglial activation inhibitor, minocycline or a CCR5 antagonist, maraviroc was dissolved in drinking water and administered to dams from P1 to P21. Measurement of microglial activity, evaluation of neural circuit function and expression analysis were performed on P10. Behavioral tests were performed in the order of open field test, Y-maze test, social affiliation test and marble burying test from the age of 6 weeks.ResultsPrenatal exposure of mice to VPA induced microglial activation and neural circuit dysfunction in the CA1 region of the hippocampus during the early postnatal periods and post-developmental defects in working memory and social interaction and repetitive behaviors. Minocycline, a microglial activation inhibitor, clearly suppressed the above effects, suggesting that microglia elicit neural dysfunction and behavioral disorders. Next-generation sequencing analysis revealed that the expression of a chemokine, C-C motif chemokine ligand 3 (CCL3), was upregulated in the hippocampi of VPA-treated mice. CCL3 expression increased in microglia during the early postnatal periods via an epigenetic mechanism. The CCR5 antagonist maraviroc significantly suppressed neural circuit dysfunction and post-developmental behavioral disorders induced by prenatal VPA exposure.ConclusionThese findings suggest that microglial CCL3 might act during development to contribute to VPA-induced post-developmental behavioral abnormalities. CCR5-targeting compounds such as maraviroc might alleviate behavioral disorders when administered early.

Project description:The CCR5 antagonist maraviroc (MVC) inhibits human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) entry by altering the CCR5 extracellular loops (ECL), such that the gp120 envelope glycoproteins (Env) no longer recognize CCR5. The mechanisms of HIV-1 resistance to MVC, the only CCR5 antagonist licensed for clinical use are poorly understood, with insights into MVC resistance almost exclusively limited to knowledge obtained from in vitro studies or from studies of resistance to other CCR5 antagonists. To more precisely understand mechanisms of resistance to MVC in vivo, we characterized Envs isolated from 2 subjects who experienced virologic failure on MVC.Envs were cloned from subjects 17 and 24 before commencement of MVC (17-Sens and 24-Sens) and after virologic failure (17-Res and 24-Res). The Envs cloned during virologic failure showed broad divergence in resistance levels, with 17-Res Env exhibiting a relatively high maximal percent inhibition (MPI) of ~90% in NP2-CD4/CCR5 cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), and 24-Res Env exhibiting a very low MPI of ~0 to 12% in both cell types, indicating relatively "weak" and "strong" resistance, respectively. Resistance mutations were strain-specific and mapped to the gp120 V3 loop. Affinity profiling by the 293-Affinofile assay and mathematical modeling using VERSA (Viral Entry Receptor Sensitivity Analysis) metrics revealed that 17-Res and 24-Res Envs engaged MVC-bound CCR5 inefficiently or very efficiently, respectively. Despite highly divergent phenotypes, and a lack of common gp120 resistance mutations, both resistant Envs exhibited an almost superimposable pattern of dramatically increased reliance on sulfated tyrosine residues in the CCR5 N-terminus, and on histidine residues in the CCR5 ECLs. This altered mechanism of CCR5 engagement rendered both the resistant Envs susceptible to neutralization by a sulfated peptide fragment of the CCR5 N-terminus.Clinical resistance to MVC may involve divergent Env phenotypes and different genetic alterations in gp120, but the molecular mechanism of resistance of the Envs studied here appears to be related. The increased reliance on sulfated CCR5 N-terminus residues suggests a new avenue to block HIV-1 entry by CCR5 N-terminus sulfopeptidomimetic drugs.

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Preparation and activities of macromolecule conjugates of the CCR5 antagonist Maraviroc.

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Preparation and activities of macromolecule conjugates of the CCR5 antagonist Maraviroc.

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