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Reovirus-mediated induction of ADAR1 (p150) minimally alters RNA editing patterns in discrete brain regions.

ABSTRACT: Transcripts encoding ADAR1, a double-stranded, RNA-specific adenosine deaminase involved in the adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) editing of mammalian RNAs, can be alternatively spliced to produce an interferon-inducible protein isoform (p150) that is up-regulated in both cell culture and in vivo model systems in response to pathogen or interferon stimulation. In contrast to other tissues, p150 is expressed at extremely low levels in the brain and it is unclear what role, if any, this isoform may play in the innate immune response of the central nervous system (CNS) or whether the extent of editing for RNA substrates critical for CNS function is affected by its induction. To investigate the expression of ADAR1 isoforms in response to viral infection and subsequent alterations in A-to-I editing profiles for endogenous ADAR targets, we used a neurotropic strain of reovirus to infect neonatal mice and quantify A-to-I editing in discrete brain regions using a multiplexed, high-throughput sequencing strategy. While intracranial injection of reovirus resulted in a widespread increase in the expression of ADAR1 (p150) in multiple brain regions and peripheral organs, significant changes in site-specific A-to-I conversion were quite limited, suggesting that steady-state levels of p150 expression are not a primary determinant for modulating the extent of editing for numerous ADAR targets in vivo.

SUBMITTER: Hood JL

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4134954 | biostudies-literature | 2014 Jul

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Reovirus-mediated induction of ADAR1 (p150) minimally alters RNA editing patterns in discrete brain regions.

Hood Jennifer L JL Morabito Michael V MV Martinez Charles R CR Gilbert James A JA Ferrick Elizabeth A EA Ayers Gregory D GD Chappell James D JD Dermody Terence S TS Emeson Ronald B RB

Molecular and cellular neurosciences 20140604

Transcripts encoding ADAR1, a double-stranded, RNA-specific adenosine deaminase involved in the adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) editing of mammalian RNAs, can be alternatively spliced to produce an interferon-inducible protein isoform (p150) that is up-regulated in both cell culture and in vivo model systems in response to pathogen or interferon stimulation. In contrast to other tissues, p150 is expressed at extremely low levels in the brain and it is unclear what role, if any, this isoform may pl ...[more]

PMID: 24906008

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Project description:The filovirus family includes deadly pathogens such as Ebola virus (EBOV) and Marburg virus (MARV). A substantial portion of filovirus genomes encode 5' and 3' untranslated regions (UTRs) of viral mRNAs. Select viral genomic RNA sequences corresponding to 3' UTRs are prone to editing by adenosine deaminase acting on RNA 1 (ADAR1). A reporter mRNA approach, in which different 5' or 3' UTRs were inserted into luciferase-encoding mRNAs, demonstrates that MARV 3' UTRs yield different levels of reporter gene expression, suggesting modulation of translation. The modulation occurs in cells unable to produce microRNAs (miRNAs) and can be recapitulated in a MARV minigenome assay. Deletion mutants identified negative regulatory regions at the ends of the MARV nucleoprotein (NP) and large protein (L) 3' UTRs. Apparent ADAR1 editing mutants were previously identified within the MARV NP 3' UTR. Introduction of these changes into the MARV nucleoprotein (NP) 3' UTR or deletion of the region targeted for editing enhances translation, as indicated by reporter assays and polysome analysis. In addition, the parental NP 3' UTR, but not the edited or deletion mutant NP 3' UTRs, induces a type I interferon (IFN) response upon transfection into cells. Because some EBOV isolates from the West Africa outbreak exhibited ADAR1 editing of the viral protein of 40 kDa (VP40) 3' UTR, VP40 3' UTRs with parental and edited sequences were similarly assayed. The EBOV VP40 3' UTR edits also enhanced translation, but neither the wild-type nor the edited 3' UTRs induced IFN. These findings implicate filoviral mRNA 3' UTRs as negative regulators of translation that can be inactivated by innate immune responses that induce ADAR1. IMPORTANCE UTRs comprise a large percentage of filovirus genomes and are apparent targets of editing by ADAR1, an enzyme with pro- and antiviral activities. However, the functional significance of the UTRs and ADAR1 editing has been uncertain. This study demonstrates that MARV and EBOV 3' UTRs can modulate translation, in some cases negatively. ADAR1 editing or deletion of select regions within the translation suppressing 3' UTRs relieves the negative effects of the UTRs. These data indicate that filovirus 3' UTRs contain translation regulatory elements that are modulated by activation of ADAR1, suggesting a complex interplay between filovirus gene expression and innate immunity.

Dataset Information

Reovirus-mediated induction of ADAR1 (p150) minimally alters RNA editing patterns in discrete brain regions.

Publications

Reovirus-mediated induction of ADAR1 (p150) minimally alters RNA editing patterns in discrete brain regions.

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