The uremic toxicity of indoxyl sulfate and p-cresyl sulfate: a systematic review.

ABSTRACT: A growing number of publications supports a biologic effect of the protein-bound uremic retention solutes indoxyl sulfate and p-cresyl sulfate. However, the use of unrealistically high free concentrations of these compounds and/or inappropriately low albumin concentrations may blur the interpretation of these results. Here, we performed a systematic review, selecting only studies in which, depending on the albumin concentration, real or extrapolated free concentrations of indoxyl sulfate and p-cresyl sulfate remained in the uremic range. The 27 studies retrieved comprised in vitro and animal studies. A quality score was developed, giving 1 point for each of the following criteria: six or more experiments, confirmation by more than one experimental approach, neutralization of the biologic e

SUBMITTER: Vanholder R 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4147984 | biostudies-literature | 2014 Sep

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature