Dataset Information

Comparison of vertical and inverted-T mammaplasties using photographic measurements.

ABSTRACT:

Background

Surgeons have long debated the relative merits of vertical and inverted-T mammaplasties. These debates have centered on surgeons' opinions. Without measurements, this controversy is unlikely to be resolved. This study compares these common techniques using a recently published measurement system. Such a study using measurements on photographs matched for size and orientation has not been previously published.

Methods

A prospective group of women undergoing primary vertical mastopexies, augmentation/mastopexies, and reductions (n = 78) was compared with a retrospective group of women treated with inverted-T mastopexies, augmentation/mastopexies, and reductions (n = 35). Consecutive patients with photographs at least 3 months after surgery and no subsequent procedures were evaluated.

Results

All patient groups demonstrated a significant elevation (P < 0.001) of the breast mound. Vertical mastopexy, but not inverted-T mastopexy, increased breast projection and upper pole projection (P < 0.008). Neither vertical nor inverted-T breast reduction significantly increased breast projection. Vertical breast reduction better preserved breast projection (P < 0.017) than the inverted-T technique. Vertical reduction significantly increased upper pole projection (P < 0.008), but inverted-T reduction did not. The inverted-T breast reduction caused greater breast constriction (reduced lower pole distance) than the vertical technique. Lower pole ratios were significantly higher for inverted-T patients (P < 0.01), indicating boxier lower poles.

Conclusions

Photographic measurements of relevant breast parameters favor the vertical technique over the inverted-T technique and are consistent with anatomical considerations and clinical experience.

SUBMITTER: Swanson E

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4174109 | biostudies-literature | 2013 Dec

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Publications

Comparison of vertical and inverted-T mammaplasties using photographic measurements.

Swanson Eric E

Plastic and reconstructive surgery. Global open 20131201 9

<h4>Background</h4>Surgeons have long debated the relative merits of vertical and inverted-T mammaplasties. These debates have centered on surgeons' opinions. Without measurements, this controversy is unlikely to be resolved. This study compares these common techniques using a recently published measurement system. Such a study using measurements on photographs matched for size and orientation has not been previously published.<h4>Methods</h4>A prospective group of women undergoing primary verti ...[more]

PMID: 25289283

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Project description:Landing maneuvers of flies are complex behaviors which can be conceptually decomposed into sequences of modular actions, including body-deceleration, leg-extension, and body rotations. These behavioral 'modules' must be coordinated to ensure well-controlled landing. The composite nature of these behaviors induces kinematic variability, making it difficult to identify the central rules that govern landing. Many previous studies have relied on tethered preparations to study landing behaviors, but tethering induces experimental artefacts by forcing some behaviors to operate in open-feedback control loop while others remain closed-loop. On the other hand, it is harder for the experimenter to control the stimuli experienced by freely-flying insects. One approach towards understanding general mechanisms of landing is to determine the common elements of their kinematics on surfaces of different orientations. We conducted a series of experiments in which the houseflies, Musca domestica, were lured to land on vertical (wall landings) or inverted (ceiling landings) substrates, while their flight was recorded with multiple high-speed cameras. We observed that, in both cases, well-controlled landings occurred when the distance at which flies initiated deceleration was proportional to flight velocity component in the direction of substrate. The ratio of substrate distance and velocity at onset of deceleration (tau) was conserved, despite substantial differences in mechanics of vertical vs. ceiling landings. When these conditions were not satisfied, their landing performance was compromised, causing their heads to collide into the substrate. Unlike body-deceleration, leg-extension in flies was independent of substrate distance or approach velocity. Thus, the robust reflexive visual initiation of deceleration is independent of substrate orientation, and combines with a more variable initiation of leg-extension which depends on surface orientation. Together, these combinations of behaviors enable flies to land in a versatile manner on substrates of various orientations.

Dataset Information

Comparison of vertical and inverted-T mammaplasties using photographic measurements.

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Publications

Comparison of vertical and inverted-T mammaplasties using photographic measurements.

Similar Datasets

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