History of thermal and environmental physiology in Japan: the heritage of Yas Kuno.
Ontology highlight
ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Morimoto T
PROVIDER: S-EPMC4843911 | biostudies-literature | 2015 Jul-Sep
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
Publications
History of thermal and environmental physiology in Japan: the heritage of Yas Kuno.
Temperature (Austin, Tex.) 20150728 3
Dr. Yas Kuno was a pioneer in the field of sweat gland physiology. He trained many research scientists who formed the first generation of thermal physiologists. In turn, these investigators recruited qualified investigators, forming the second and third generations of thermal physiologists. At present, the third and fourth generations of investigators are actively engaged in research, expanding their interests to neurophysiology, chronobiology and exercise physiology. ...[more]
Similar Datasets
Project description:Organisms inhabiting the intertidal zone have been used to study natural ecophysiological responses and adaptations to thermal stress because these organisms are routinely exposed to high-temperature conditions for hours at a time. While intertidal organisms may be inherently better at withstanding temperature stress due to regular exposure and acclimation, they could be more vulnerable to temperature stress, already living near the edge of their thermal limits. Strong gradients in thermal stress across the intertidal zone present an opportunity to test whether thermal tolerance is a plastic or canalized trait in intertidal organisms. Here, we studied the intertidal pool-dwelling calcified alga, Ellisolandia elongata, under near-future temperature regimes, and the dependence of its thermal acclimatization response on environmental history. Two timescales of environmental history were tested during this experiment. The intertidal pool of origin was representative of long-term environmental history over the alga's life (including settlement and development), while the pool it was transplanted into accounted for recent environmental history (acclimation over many months). Unexpectedly, neither long-term nor short-term environmental history, nor ambient conditions, affected photosynthetic rates in E. elongata. Individuals were plastic in their photosynthetic response to laboratory temperature treatments (mean 13.2°C, 15.7°C, and 17.7°C). Further, replicate ramets from the same individual were not always consistent in their photosynthetic performance from one experimental time point to another or between treatments and exhibited no clear trend in variability over experimental time. High variability in climate change responses between individuals may indicate the potential for resilience to future conditions and, thus, may play a compensatory role at the population or species level over time.
| S-EPMC6912923 | biostudies-literature
Project description:To forecast biological responses to changing environments, we need to understand how a species's physiology varies through space and time and assess how changes in physiological function due to environmental changes may interact with phenotypic changes caused by other types of environmental variation. Amphibian larvae are well known for expressing environmentally induced phenotypes, but relatively little is known about how these responses might interact with changing temperatures and their thermal physiology. To address this question, we studied the thermal physiology of grey treefrog tadpoles (Hyla versicolor) by determining whether exposures to predator cues and an herbicide (Roundup) can alter their critical maximum temperature (CTmax) and their swimming speed across a range of temperatures, which provides estimates of optimal temperature (Topt) for swimming speed and the shape of the thermal performance curve (TPC). We discovered that predator cues induced a 0.4°C higher CTmax value, whereas the herbicide had no effect. Tadpoles exposed to predator cues or the herbicide swam faster than control tadpoles and the increase in burst speed was higher near Topt. In regard to the shape of the TPC, exposure to predator cues increased Topt by 1.5°C, while exposure to the herbicide marginally lowered Topt by 0.4°C. Combining predator cues and the herbicide produced an intermediate Topt that was 0.5°C higher than the control. To our knowledge this is the first study to demonstrate a predator altering the thermal physiology of amphibian larvae (prey) by increasing CTmax, increasing the optimum temperature, and producing changes in the thermal performance curves. Furthermore, these plastic responses of CTmax and TPC to different inducing environments should be considered when forecasting biological responses to global warming.
| S-EPMC4037208 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Climatic conditions changing over time and space shape the evolution of organisms at multiple levels, including temperate lizards in the family Lacertidae. Here we reconstruct a dated phylogenetic tree of 262 lacertid species based on a supermatrix relying on novel phylogenomic datasets and fossil calibrations. Diversification of lacertids was accompanied by an increasing disparity among occupied bioclimatic niches, especially in the last 10 Ma, during a period of progressive global cooling. Temperate species also underwent a genome-wide slowdown in molecular substitution rates compared to tropical and desert-adapted lacertids. Evaporative water loss and preferred temperature are correlated with bioclimatic parameters, indicating physiological adaptations to climate. Tropical, but also some populations of cool-adapted species experience maximum temperatures close to their preferred temperatures. We hypothesize these species-specific physiological preferences may constitute a handicap to prevail under rapid global warming, and contribute to explaining local lizard extinctions in cool and humid climates.
| S-EPMC6733905 | biostudies-other
Project description:The purpose of this set of arrays is to provide a third replicate to use in data analysis addition to the 2 previous replicates for all samples already generated on this project. Our hypothesis is that adaptation to a calcareous environment will be reflected in altered gene expression including genes encoding transporters, ion channels, transcription factors, etc. To test this hypothesis we grew a laboratory non-calcicole (Col-4) and a laboratory calcicole (Cal-0) ecotypes of A. thaliana at low (1 mM) and high (12.5 mM) rhizospheric Ca2+ and compare the patterns of gene expression by microarray analysis. We then collected from the wild, a putative calcicole ecotype (Elland)and a putative non-calcicole (Penicuik) and grew both at low (1 mM) and high (12.5 mM) rhizospheric Ca2+ and compared expression profiles to the laboratory ecotypes. Experimenter name = Bev Abram Experimenter phone = 01524 592931 Experimenter address = Dept Biological Sciences Experimenter address = Lancaster University Experimenter address = Bailrigg Experimenter address = Lancaster Experimenter zip/postal_code = LA1 4YQ Experimenter country = UK Keywords: growth_condition_design; strain_or_line_design
2006-08-15 | GSE5523 | GEO
Project description:Aim To identify genes which are differentially expressed between calcicoles and non- calcicoles. Background Grasslands on the calcareous soils of chalk and other limestones are among the most species-rich plant communities in Europe (Rodwell 1991 et seq.). They have experienced huge losses and remain vulnerable to such impacts as neglect of traditional management, agricultural improvement and global changes in climate, nitrogen depositions and ozone levels. Our understanding of the physiological characteristics of calcicoles and calcifuges remains limited. A detailed understanding of the genetic basis of the mechanisms that enable calcicoles to thrive on calcareous soils is essential to enable us to predict how these plant communities and their constituent species will be affected by environmental change and how the biodiversity of these ecosystems can be sustained.At Lancaster we have been studying calcicole-calcifuge physiology, with particular reference to Ca2+-tolerance, for over fifteen years. Recently, our research has focused on the regulation of apoplastic Ca2+ in Arabidospsis thaliana. We have compared the response of two ecotypes of A. thaliana, the non-calcicole ecotype Columbia (Col-4) and the calcicole ecotype Cal-0, which is a genetically uniform line from an original population collected by Ratcliffe from a rocky limestone slope in 1954, to rhizospheric Ca2+. Our results show that Cal-0, exhibits a markedly higher tolerance to growth on high rhizospheric Ca2+ compared to Col-4.Our hypothesis is that adaptation to a calcareous environment will be reflected in altered gene expression. To test this hypothesis we will grow Col-4 and Cal-0 at low (1 mM) and high (12.5 mM) rhizospheric Ca2+ and compare the patterns of gene expression by microarray analysis. In the first instance, to eliminate any differences in gene expression between the Cal-0 and Col-4 ecotypes, we will compare RNA that will be extracted using the Qiagen RNEasy kits, from plants grown at 16 hour day lengths and will be harvested after 30 days of growth on sand watered with 0.5 X Long Ashton solution containing 1 mM CaCl2. Experimenter name = Bev Abram Experimenter phone = 01524 65201ext93524 Experimenter fax = 01524 843854 Experimenter address = Biological Sciences Experimenter address = Lancaster University Experimenter address = Bailrigg Experimenter address = Lancaster Experimenter zip/postal_code = LA1 4YQ Experimenter country = UK Keywords: strain_or_line_design
2007-01-08 | GSE5728 | GEO
Project description:We summarize thermal-biology data of 69 species of Amazonian lizards, including mode of thermoregulation and field-active body temperatures (Tb). We also provide new data on preferred temperatures (Tpref), voluntary and thermal-tolerance ranges, and thermal-performance curves (TPC's) for 27 species from nine sites in the Brazilian Amazonia. We tested for phylogenetic signal and pairwise correlations among thermal traits. We found that species generally categorized as thermoregulators have the highest mean values for all thermal traits, and broader ranges for Tb, critical thermal maximum (CTmax) and optimal (Topt) temperatures. Species generally categorized as thermoconformers have large ranges for Tpref, critical thermal minimum (CTmin), and minimum voluntary (VTmin) temperatures for performance. Despite these differences, our results show that all thermal characteristics overlap between both groups and suggest that Amazonian lizards do not fit into discrete thermoregulatory categories. The traits are all correlated, with the exceptions of (1) Topt, which does not correlate with CTmax, and (2) CTmin, and correlates only with Topt. Weak phylogenetic signals for Tb, Tpref and VTmin indicate that these characters may be shaped by local environmental conditions and influenced by phylogeny. We found that open-habitat species perform well under present environmental conditions, without experiencing detectable thermal stress from high environmental temperatures induced in lab experiments. For forest-dwelling lizards, we expect warming trends in Amazonia to induce thermal stress, as temperatures surpass the thermal tolerances for these species.
| S-EPMC5841663 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Arguably, microbial physiology started when Leeuwenhoek became fascinated by observing a Vorticella beating its cilia, my point being that almost any observation of microbes has a physiological component. With the advent of modern microbiology in the mid-19th century, the field became recognizably distinctive with such discoveries as anaerobiosis, fermentation as a biological phenomenon, and the nutritional requirements of microbes. Soon came the discoveries of Winogradsky and his followers of the chemical changes in the environment that result from microbial activities. Later, during the first half of the 20th century, microbial physiology became the basis for much of the elucidation of central metabolism. Bacterial physiology then became a handmaiden of molecular biology and was greatly influenced by the discovery of cellular regulatory mechanisms. Microbial growth, which had come of age with the early work of Hershey, Monod, and others, was later pursued by studies on a whole cell level by what became known as the "Copenhagen School." During this time, the exploration of physiological activities became coupled to modern inquiries into the structure of the bacterial cell. Recent years have seen the development of a further phase in microbial physiology, one seeking a deeper quantitative understanding of phenomena on a whole cell level. This pursuit is exemplified by the emergence of systems biology, which is made possible by the development of technologies that permit the gathering of information in huge amounts. As has been true through history, the research into microbial physiology continues to be guided by the development of new methods of analysis. Some of these developments may well afford the possibility of making stunning breakthroughs.
| S-EPMC4404942 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Endogenous viral elements (EVE) seem to be present in all eukaryotic genomes. The composition of EVE varies between different species. The endogenous retrovirus 3 (ERV3) is one of these elements that is present only in humans and other Catarrhini. Conservation of ERV3 in most of the investigated Catarrhini and the expression pattern in normal tissues suggest a putative physiological role of ERV3. On the other hand, ERV3 has been implicated in the pathogenesis of auto-immunity and cancer. In the present review we summarize knowledge about this interesting EVE. We propose the model that expression of ERV3 (and probably other EVE loci) under pathological conditions might be part of a metazoan SOS response.
| S-EPMC5775217 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Thermal safety guidelines with upper thresholds aim to protect athletes' health, yet evidence-based sport-specific thresholds remain unestablished. Experimenting with athletes in severely hot conditions raises ethical concerns, so we used a thermo-physiological model to validate the thresholds of guidelines for outdoor sports. First, the reproducibility of the joint system thermoregulation model (JOS-3) of core temperature has been validated for 18 sports experiments (n = 213) and 11 general exercise experiments (n = 121) using the Bland - Altman analysis. Then, core temperatures were predicted using the JOS-3 in conditions corresponding to the upper thresholds, and if the 90th-99.7th percentile core temperature value (corresponding to 0.3%-10% of the participants) exceeded 40°C, the thresholds were judged as potentially hazardous. Finally, we proposed revisions for sports with potentially hazardous thresholds. As a result, the JOS-3 could simulate core temperature increases in most experiments (27/29) for six sports and general exercises with an accuracy of 0.5°C. The current upper thresholds for marathons, triathlons, and football are potentially hazardous. Suggested revisions, based on specified percentiles, include: Football: revise from wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT) 32°C to 29-31°C or not revise. Marathon: revise from WBGT 28°C to 24-27°C. Triathlon: revise from WBGT 32.2°C to 23-26°C. If conducting sports events under the revised upper thresholds proves difficult, taking measures for a possible high incidence of heat illness becomes crucial, such as placing additional medical resources, assisting heat acclimatization and cooling strategies for participants, and rule changes such as shorter match times and increased breaks.
| S-EPMC10989705 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The characterization of physiological phenotypes that may play a part in the establishment of non-native species can broaden our understanding about the ecology of species invasion. Here, an assessment was carried out by comparing the responses of invasive and native species to thermal stress. The goal was to identify physiological patterns that facilitate invasion success and to investigate whether these traits are widespread among invasive ectotherms. Four hypotheses were generated and tested using a review of the literature to determine whether they could be supported across taxonomically diverse invasive organisms. The four hypotheses are as follows: (i) broad geographical temperature tolerances (thermal width) confer a higher upper thermal tolerance threshold for invasive rather than native species; (ii) the upper thermal extreme experienced in nature is more highly correlated with upper thermal tolerance threshold for invasive vs. native animals; (iii) protein chaperone expression-a cellular mechanism that underlies an organism's thermal tolerance threshold-is greater in invasive organisms than in native ones; and (iv) acclimation to higher temperatures can promote a greater range of thermal tolerance for invasive compared with native species. Each hypothesis was supported by a meta-analysis of the invasive/thermal physiology literature, providing further evidence that physiology plays a substantial role in the establishment of invasive ectotherms.
| S-EPMC4806742 | biostudies-literature