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Stuck in Time: Negative Income Shock Constricts the Temporal Window of Valuation Spanning the Future and the Past.

ABSTRACT: Insufficient resources are associated with negative consequences including decreased valuation of future reinforcers. To determine if these effects result from scarcity, we examined the consequences of acute, abrupt changes in resource availability on delay discounting-the subjective devaluation of rewards as delay to receipt increases. In the current study, 599 individuals recruited from Amazon Mechanical Turk read a narrative of a sudden change (positive, neutral, or negative) to one's hypothetical future income and completed a delay discounting task examining future and past monetary gains and losses. The effects of the explicit zero procedure, a framing manipulation, was also examined. Negative income shock significantly increased discounting rates for gains and loses occurring both in the future and the past. Positive income windfalls significantly decreased discounting to a lesser extent. The framing procedure significantly reduced discounting under all conditions. Negative income shocks may result in short-term choices.

SUBMITTER: Bickel WK

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5025165 | biostudies-literature | 2016

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Stuck in Time: Negative Income Shock Constricts the Temporal Window of Valuation Spanning the Future and the Past.

Bickel Warren K WK Wilson A George AG Chen Chen C Koffarnus Mikhail N MN Franck Christopher T CT

PloS one 20160915 9

Insufficient resources are associated with negative consequences including decreased valuation of future reinforcers. To determine if these effects result from scarcity, we examined the consequences of acute, abrupt changes in resource availability on delay discounting-the subjective devaluation of rewards as delay to receipt increases. In the current study, 599 individuals recruited from Amazon Mechanical Turk read a narrative of a sudden change (positive, neutral, or negative) to one's hypothe ...[more]

PMID: 27631760

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Project description:We report a case of mechanical prosthetic mitral valve thrombosis in a 52-year-old woman with previous diagnosis of dilated cardiomyopathy, who was supported with advanced mechanical circulatory support after urgent mechanical mitral valve replacement (MVR) and tricuspid annuloplasty. Difficult weaning from cardiopulmonary bypass needed support with veno-arterial extracorporeal membranous oxygenation and Impella (Abiomed Inc, Danvers, MA, USA), so-called ECPELLA. Temporary discontinuation of heparin and massive blood transfusion were necessary due to four times of reoperation for bleeding during ECPELLA support. Poor recovery of cardiac function needed escalation from ECPELLA to extracorporeal biventricular assist device (ex-BiVAD) using two centrifugal pumps on Day 12. After gradual decrease in the left ventricular assist device flow, transesophageal echocardiography and fluoroscopic images revealed the stuck leaflets of the mitral prosthesis. Therefore, the patient underwent re-MVR with a bioprosthesis on Day 18, followed by continued assistance with ex-BiVAD. The patient was finally weaned from ex-BiVAD on Day 28 and was transferred to the referral hospital for rehabilitation. She was alive in good general condition at 2-year follow-up. It is important to balance the effects of anticoagulation on advanced mechanical circulatory support with ECPELLA, against the side effects of bleeding, especially in post-cardiotomy patients with bleeding tendency. <Learning objective: We should recognize the fatal risks of bleeding and thrombosis during advanced mechanical support, including Impella, VA-ECMO, ECPELLA, and ex-BiVAD, especially in the post-cardiotomy setting. We should also understand the choice of mechanical circulatory support, timely escalation to ex-BiVAD to avoid multiorgan failure, the diagnosis of mechanical mitral prosthetic thrombosed valve using echocardiography and fluoroscopy, and mitral valve replacement in the patient supported with ex-BiVAD.>.

Dataset Information

Stuck in Time: Negative Income Shock Constricts the Temporal Window of Valuation Spanning the Future and the Past.

Publications

Stuck in Time: Negative Income Shock Constricts the Temporal Window of Valuation Spanning the Future and the Past.

Similar Datasets

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