A Clostridium difficile Lineage Endemic to Costa Rican Hospitals Is Multidrug Resistant by Acquisition of Chromosomal Mutations and Novel Mobile Genetic Elements.

ABSTRACT: The antimicrobial resistance (AMR) rates and levels recorded for Clostridium difficile are on the rise. This study reports the nature, levels, diversity, and genomic context of the antimicrobial resistance of human C. difficile isolates of the NAP_CR1/RT012/ST54 genotype, which caused an outbreak in 2009 and is endemic in Costa Rican hospitals. To this end, we determined the susceptibilities of 38 NAP_CR1 isolates to 10 antibiotics from seven classes using Etests or macrodilution tests and examined 31 NAP_CR1 whole-genome sequences to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and genes that could explain the resistance phenotypes observed. The NAP_CR1 isolates were multidrug resistant (MDR) and commonly exhibited very high resista

SUBMITTER: Ramirez-Vargas G 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5365686 | biostudies-literature | 2017 Apr

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature