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A simple and efficient method to enhance audiovisual binding tendencies.

ABSTRACT: Individuals vary in their tendency to bind signals from multiple senses. For the same set of sights and sounds, one individual may frequently integrate multisensory signals and experience a unified percept, whereas another individual may rarely bind them and often experience two distinct sensations. Thus, while this binding/integration tendency is specific to each individual, it is not clear how plastic this tendency is in adulthood, and how sensory experiences may cause it to change. Here, we conducted an exploratory investigation which provides evidence that (1) the brain's tendency to bind in spatial perception is plastic, (2) that it can change following brief exposure to simple audiovisual stimuli, and (3) that exposure to temporally synchronous, spatially discrepant stimuli provides the most effective method to modify it. These results can inform current theories about how the brain updates its internal model of the surrounding sensory world, as well as future investigations seeking to increase integration tendencies.

SUBMITTER: Odegaard B

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5407282 | biostudies-literature | 2017

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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A simple and efficient method to enhance audiovisual binding tendencies.

Odegaard Brian B Wozny David R DR Shams Ladan L

PeerJ 20170425

Individuals vary in their tendency to bind signals from multiple senses. For the same set of sights and sounds, one individual may frequently integrate multisensory signals and experience a unified percept, whereas another individual may rarely bind them and often experience two distinct sensations. Thus, while this binding/integration tendency is specific to each individual, it is not clear how plastic this tendency is in adulthood, and how sensory experiences may cause it to change. Here, we c ...[more]

PMID: 28462016

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Project description:Background: CRISPR-Cas9-based technologies have revolutionized experimental manipulation of mammalian genomes. None-the-less, limitations of the delivery and efficacy of these technologies restrict their application in primary cells. Aims: To create an optimized protocol for penetrant, reproducible, and fast targeted genome editing in cell cultures derived from primary cells, using patient-derived glioblastoma (GBM) stem-like cells (GSCs) and human neural stem/progenitor cells (NSCs) for proof-of-concept experiments. Methods and results: We employed transient nucleofection of Cas9:sgRNA ribonucleoprotein complexes composed of chemically synthesized 2'-O-methyl 3’phosphorothioate-modified sgRNAs and purified Cas9 protein. Insertion-deletion mutation (indel) frequency and size distribution were measured via computational deconvolution of Sanger sequencing trace data. We found that this optimized technique routinely allows for >90% indel formation in only 3 days, without the need to create clonal lines for simple loss-of-function experiments. Using Western blotting, we observed near-total protein loss of target genes in cell pools. Additionally, we found that this approach allows for the creation of targeted genomic deletions. By using RNA-seq in edited NSCs to assess gene expression changes resulting from knockout of tumor suppressors commonly altered in GBM, we also demonstrated the utility of this method for quickly creating a series of gene knockouts that allow for the study of oncogenic activities. Conclusion: Our data suggest that this relatively simple method can be used for highly efficient and fast gene knockout, as well as for targeted genomic deletions, even in hyperdiploid cells (such as GSCs). This represents an extremely useful tool for the cancer research community when wishing to inactivate not only coding genes, but also non-coding RNAs, UTRs, enhancers, and promoters. This method can be readily applied to diverse cell types by varying the nucleofection conditions.

Dataset Information

A simple and efficient method to enhance audiovisual binding tendencies.

Publications

A simple and efficient method to enhance audiovisual binding tendencies.

Similar Datasets

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