Using pictures in the BMJ.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Groves T
PROVIDER: S-EPMC556323 | biostudies-literature | 2005 Apr
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description: Not available
| S-EPMC1112766 | biostudies-literature
Project description:To understand the neural correlates of the memorial power of pictures, pictures and words were systematically varied at study and test within subjects, and high-density event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded at retrieval. Using both conventional and novel methods, the results were presented as ERP waveforms, 50 ms scalp topographies, and video clips, and analyzed using t-statistic topographic maps and nonparametric p-value maps. The authors found that a parietally-based ERP component was enhanced when pictures were presented at study or test, compared to when words were presented. An early frontally-based component was enhanced when words were presented at study compared to pictures. From these data the authors speculate that the memorial power of pictures is related to the ability of pictures to enhance recollection. Familiarity, by contrast, was enhanced when words were presented at study compared to pictures. From these results and the dynamic view of memory afforded by viewing the data as video clips, the authors propose an ERP model of recognition memory.
| S-EPMC1852523 | biostudies-literature
Project description:ObjectivesTo analyse the relationship between first author's gender and ethnicity (estimated from first name and surname), and chance of publication of rapid responses in the British Medical Journal (BMJ). To analyse whether other features of the rapid response account for any gender or ethnic differences, including the presence of multiple authors, declaration of conflicts of interests, the presence of Twitter handle, word count, reading ease, spelling and grammatical mistakes, and the presence of references.DesignA retrospective observational study.SettingWebsite of the BMJ (BMJ.com).ParticipantsPublicly available rapid responses submitted to BMJ.com between 1998 and 2018.Main outcome measuresPublication of a rapid response as a letter to the editor in the BMJ.ResultsWe analysed 113 265 rapid responses, of which 8415 were published as letters to the editor (7.4%). Statistically significant univariate correlations were found between odds of publication and first author estimated gender and ethnicity, multiple authors, declaration of conflicts of interest, the presence of Twitter handle, word count, reading ease, spelling and grammatical mistakes, and the presence of references. Multivariate analysis showed that first author estimated gender and ethnicity predicted publication after taking into account the other factors. Compared to white authors, black authors were 26% less likely to be published (OR: 0.74, CI: 0.57-0.96), Asian and Pacific Islander authors were 46% less likely to be published (OR: 0.54, CI: 0.49-0.59) and Hispanic authors were 49% less likely to be published (OR: 0.51, CI: 0.41-0.64). Female authors were 10% less likely to be published (OR: 0.90, CI: 0.85-0.96) than male authors.ConclusionEthnic and gender differences in rapid response publication remained after accounting for a broad range of features, themselves all predictive of publication. This suggests that the reasons for the differences of these groups lies elsewhere.
| S-EPMC7754629 | biostudies-literature
Project description: Not available
| S-EPMC1120371 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Judgment bias is the cognitive tendency of animals experiencing negative (or positive) affect to expect undesirable (or favorable) outcomes in ambiguous situations. The lack of examination of judgment biases induced by ecologically relevant stimuli hampers our understanding of the adaptive role of these biases. We examined whether predator-related stimuli, i.e., pictures of snakes, induce a pessimistic judgment bias in Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata). Our subjects underwent a touchscreen-based Go/No-go judgment bias test. We found that the subjects were less likely and slower to make Go responses to ambiguous stimuli after viewing the snake pictures, indicating that pictures of snakes induce a pessimistic evaluation of ambiguous stimuli. In environments with high levels of threat, behavioral strategies that reduce risk-taking would be evolutionarily advantageous. Hence, an affective response system that lowers expectations of favorable outcomes in ambiguous situations after encountering threat-related stimuli would serve adaptive purposes, such as curbing excessive exploratory behavior.
| S-EPMC10474457 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Humans learn and incorporate cross-modal associations between auditory and visual objects (e.g., between a spoken word and a picture) into language. However, whether nonhuman primates can learn cross-modal associations between words and pictures remains uncertain. We trained two rhesus macaques in a delayed cross-modal match-to-sample task to determine whether they could learn associations between sounds and pictures of different types. In each trial, the monkeys listened to a brief sound (e.g., a monkey vocalization or a human word), and retained information about the sound to match it with one of 2-4 pictures presented on a touchscreen after a 3-second delay. We found that the monkeys learned and performed proficiently in over a dozen associations. In addition, to test their ability to generalize, we exposed them to sounds uttered by different individuals. We found that their hit rate remained high but more variable, suggesting that they perceived the new sounds as equivalent, though not identical. We conclude that rhesus monkeys can learn cross-modal associations between objects of different types, retain information in working memory, and generalize the learned associations to new objects. These findings position rhesus monkeys as an ideal model for future research on the brain pathways of cross-modal associations between auditory and visual objects.
| S-EPMC11819547 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundUnderstanding the normal temporal variation in the human microbiome is critical to developing treatments for putative microbiome-related afflictions such as obesity, Crohn’s disease, inflammatory bowel disease and malnutrition. Sequencing and computational technologies, however, have been a limiting factor in performing dense time series analysis of the human microbiome. Here, we present the largest human microbiota time series analysis to date, covering two individuals at four body sites over 396 timepoints.ResultsWe find that despite stable differences between body sites and individuals, there is pronounced variability in an individual’s microbiota across months, weeks and even days. Additionally, only a small fraction of the total taxa found within a single body site appear to be present across all time points, suggesting that no core temporal microbiome exists at high abundance (although some microbes may be present but drop below the detection threshold). Many more taxa appear to be persistent but non-permanent community members.ConclusionsDNA sequencing and computational advances described here provide the ability to go beyond infrequent snapshots of our human-associated microbial ecology to high-resolution assessments of temporal variations over protracted periods, within and between body habitats and individuals. This capacity will allow us to define normal variation and pathologic states, and assess responses to therapeutic interventions.
| S-EPMC3271711 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Thirty-three participants viewed 1,000 pictures for 6 s each. Recognition was tested after 10 different intervals of time by mixing 100 of the original 1,000 with 100 new pictures. Participants judged each test picture "Old" or "New" on a 6-point scale. The unequal-variance recognition model is reinterpreted to estimate the probability of retrieval of an original (1,000) picture after each lapse of time. A second model then relates those different estimates of accessibility to the lapse of time, taking into account the interference on each test from pictures presented in preceding tests. Studies of category judgement explain (a) why the model distributions are normal, (b) why the operating characteristics are asymmetric, (c) why they are curvilinear, and (d) why the asymmetry decreases with lapse of time, this to justify a particular estimate of accessibility (probability of retrieval). Nine candidate functions are shown to the accessibilities. The underlying relation is a power law, but the exponent is poorly determined by the data (-1.5, -0.5), as also is the offset from the temporal origin. Comparisons with previous work identify two different relationships with respect to lapse of time: The retrieval of a unique image shows an approximately reciprocal loss, whereas a decrease in the amount of material reproduced by recall, recognition, or other method is approximately logarithmic. The present experiment exhibits both relationships, depending on whether specific account is taken of the effects of interference or, alternatively, interference is entirely ignored.
| S-EPMC8915223 | biostudies-literature
Project description:ObjectiveTo determine how the representation of women's health has changed in clinical studies over the course of 70 years.DesignObservational study of 71 866 research articles published between 1948 and 2018 in The BMJ.Main outcome measuresThe incidence of women-specific health topics over time. General linear, additive and segmented regression models were used to estimate trends.ResultsOver 70 years, the overall odds that a word in a BMJ research article was 'woman' or 'women' increased by an annual factor of 1.023, but this rate of increase varied by clinical specialty with some showing little or no change. The odds that an article was about some aspect of women-specific health increased much more slowly, by an annual factor of 1.004. The incidence of articles about particular areas of women-specific medicine such as pregnancy did not show a general increase, but rather fluctuated over time. The incidence of articles making any mention of women, gender or sex declined between 1948 and 2005, after which it rose steeply so that by 2018 few papers made no mention of them at all.ConclusionsOver time women have become ever more prominent in BMJ research articles. However, the importance of women-specific health topics has waxed and waned as researchers responded ephemerally to medical advances, public health programmes, and sociolegal changes. The appointment of a woman editor-inchief in 2005 may have had a dramatic effect on whether women were mentioned in research articles.
| S-EPMC7580070 | biostudies-literature