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Enzymatic Halogenation and Dehalogenation Reactions: Pervasive and Mechanistically Diverse.

ABSTRACT: Naturally produced halogenated compounds are ubiquitous across all domains of life where they perform a multitude of biological functions and adopt a diversity of chemical structures. Accordingly, a diverse collection of enzyme catalysts to install and remove halogens from organic scaffolds has evolved in nature. Accounting for the different chemical properties of the four halogen atoms (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine) and the diversity and chemical reactivity of their organic substrates, enzymes performing biosynthetic and degradative halogenation chemistry utilize numerous mechanistic strategies involving oxidation, reduction, and substitution. Biosynthetic halogenation reactions range from simple aromatic substitutions to stereoselective C-H functionalizations on remote carbon centers and can initiate the formation of simple to complex ring structures. Dehalogenating enzymes, on the other hand, are best known for removing halogen atoms from man-made organohalogens, yet also function naturally, albeit rarely, in metabolic pathways. This review details the scope and mechanism of nature's halogenation and dehalogenation enzymatic strategies, highlights gaps in our understanding, and posits where new advances in the field might arise in the near future.

SUBMITTER: Agarwal V

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5575885 | biostudies-literature | 2017 Apr

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Enzymatic Halogenation and Dehalogenation Reactions: Pervasive and Mechanistically Diverse.

Agarwal Vinayak V Miles Zachary D ZD Winter Jaclyn M JM Eustáquio Alessandra S AS El Gamal Abrahim A AA Moore Bradley S BS

Chemical reviews 20170120 8

Naturally produced halogenated compounds are ubiquitous across all domains of life where they perform a multitude of biological functions and adopt a diversity of chemical structures. Accordingly, a diverse collection of enzyme catalysts to install and remove halogens from organic scaffolds has evolved in nature. Accounting for the different chemical properties of the four halogen atoms (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine) and the diversity and chemical reactivity of their organic substrate ...[more]

PMID: 28106994

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Project description:Simple halogen substituents frequently afford key structural features that account for the potency and selectivity of natural products, including antibiotics and hormones. For example, when a single chlorine atom on the antibiotic vancomycin is replaced by hydrogen, the resulting antibacterial activity decreases by up to 70% ( Harris , C. M. ; Kannan , R. ; Kopecka , H. ; Harris , T. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1985 , 107 , 6652 - 6658 ). This Account analyzes how structure underlies mechanism in halogenases, the molecular machines designed by nature to incorporate halogens into diverse substrates. Traditional synthetic methods of integrating halogens into complex molecules are often complicated by a lack of specificity and regioselectivity. Nature, however, has developed a variety of elegant mechanisms for halogenating specific substrates with both regio- and stereoselectivity. An improved understanding of the biological routes toward halogenation could lead to the development of novel synthetic methods for the creation of new compounds with enhanced functions. Already, researchers have co-opted a fluorinase from the microorganism Streptomyces cattleya to produce (18)F-labeled molecules for use in positron emission tomography (PET) ( Deng , H. ; Cobb , S. L. ; Gee , A. D. ; Lockhart , A. ; Martarello , L. ; McGlinchey , R. P. ; O'Hagan , D. ; Onega , M. Chem. Commun. 2006 , 652 - 654 ). Therefore, the discovery and characterization of naturally occurring enzymatic halogenation mechanisms has become an active area of research. The catalogue of known halogenating enzymes has expanded from the familiar haloperoxidases to include oxygen-dependent enzymes and fluorinases. Recently, the discovery of a nucleophilic halogenase that catalyzes chlorinations has expanded the repertoire of biological halogenation chemistry ( Dong , C. ; Huang , F. ; Deng , H. ; Schaffrath , C. ; Spencer , J. B. ; O'Hagan , D. ; Naismith , J. H. Nature 2004 , 427 , 561 - 565 ). Structural characterization has provided a basis toward a mechanistic understanding of the specificity and chemistry of these enzymes. In particular, the latest crystallographic snapshots of active site architecture and halide binding sites have provided key insights into enzyme catalysis. Herein is a summary of the five classes of halogenases, focusing on the three most recently discovered: flavin-dependent halogenases, non-heme iron-dependent halogenases, and nucleophilic halogenases. Further, the potential roles of halide-binding sites in determining halide selectivity are discussed, as well as whether or not binding-site composition is always a seminal factor for selectivity. Expanding our understanding of the basic chemical principles that dictate the activity of the halogenases will advance both biology and chemistry. A thorough mechanistic analysis will elucidate the biological principles that dictate specificity, and the application of those principles to new synthetic techniques will expand the utility of halogenations in small-molecule development.

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Enzymatic Halogenation and Dehalogenation Reactions: Pervasive and Mechanistically Diverse.

Publications

Enzymatic Halogenation and Dehalogenation Reactions: Pervasive and Mechanistically Diverse.

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