Developing a situation analysis tool to assess containment of antimicrobial resistance in South East Asia.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Kakkar M
PROVIDER: S-EPMC5598290 | biostudies-literature | 2017 Sep
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
Publications
Developing a situation analysis tool to assess containment of antimicrobial resistance in South East Asia.
Kakkar Manish M Sharma Anuj A Vong Sirenda S
BMJ (Clinical research ed.) 20170905
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Project description: Not available
| S-EPMC5598255 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a critical challenge worldwide as it impacts public health, especially via contamination in the food chain and in healthcare-associated infections. In relation to farming, the systems used, waste management on farms, and the production line process are all determinants reflecting the risk of AMR emergence and rate of contamination of foodstuffs. This review focuses on South East Asia (SEA), which contains diverse regions covering 11 countries, each having different levels of development, customs, laws, and regulations. Routinely, here as elsewhere antimicrobials are still used for three indications: therapy, prevention, and growth promotion, and these are the fundamental drivers of AMR development and persistence. The accuracy of detection of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARG) depends on the laboratory standards applicable in the various institutes and countries, and this affects the consistency of regional data. Enterobacteriaceae such as Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae are the standard proxy species used for indicating AMR-associated nosocomial infections and healthcare-associated infections. Pig feces and wastewater have been suspected as one of the hotspots for spread and circulation of ARB and ARG. As part of AMR surveillance in a One Health approach, clonal typing is used to identify bacterial clonal transmission from the production process to consumers and patients - although to date there have been few published definitive studies about this in SEA. Various alternatives to antibiotics are available to reduce antibiotic use on farms. Certain of these alternatives together with improved disease prevention methods are essential tools to reduce antimicrobial usage in swine farms and to support global policy. This review highlights evidence for potential transfer of resistant bacteria from food animals to humans, and awareness and understanding of AMR through a description of the occurrence of AMR in pig farm food chains under SEA management systems. The latter includes a description of standard pig farming practices, detection of AMR and clonal analysis of bacteria, and AMR in the food chain and associated environments. Finally, the possibility of using alternatives to antibiotics and improving policies for future strategies in combating AMR in a SEA context are outlined.
| S-EPMC8353453 | biostudies-literature
Project description: Not available
| S-EPMC6340339 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundGiven the rapidly growing burden of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in Asia, this study forecasts the CVD burden and associated risk factors in Asia from 2025 to 2050.MethodsData from the Global Burden of Disease 2019 study was used to construct regression models predicting prevalence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) attributed to CVD and risk factors in Asia in the coming decades.FindingsBetween 2025 and 2050, crude cardiovascular mortality is expected to rise 91.2% despite a 23.0% decrease in the age-standardised cardiovascular mortality rate (ASMR). Ischaemic heart disease (115 deaths per 100,000 population) and stroke (63 deaths per 100,000 population) will remain leading drivers of ASMR in 2050. Central Asia will have the highest ASMR (676 deaths per 100,000 population), more than three-fold that of Asia overall (186 deaths per 100,000 population), while high-income Asia sub-regions will incur an ASMR of 22 deaths per 100,000 in 2050. High systolic blood pressure will contribute the highest ASMR throughout Asia (105 deaths per 100,000 population), except in Central Asia where high fasting plasma glucose will dominate (546 deaths per 100,000 population).InterpretationThis forecast forewarns an almost doubling in crude cardiovascular mortality by 2050 in Asia, with marked heterogeneity across sub-regions. Atherosclerotic diseases will continue to dominate, while high systolic blood pressure will be the leading risk factor.FundingThis was supported by the NUHS Seed Fund (NUHSRO/2022/058/RO5+6/Seed-Mar/03), National Medical Research Council Research Training Fellowship (MH 095:003/008-303), National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine's Junior Academic Fellowship Scheme, NUHS Clinician Scientist Program (NCSP2.0/2024/NUHS/NCWS) and the CArdiovascular DiseasE National Collaborative Enterprise (CADENCE) National Clinical Translational Program (MOH-001277-01).
| S-EPMC11296249 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Growing efforts have been made to pool coronavirus data and control measures from countries and regions to compare the effectiveness of government policies. We examine whether these strategies can explain East Asia's effective control of the COVID-19 pandemic based on time-series data with cross-correlations between the Stringency Index and number of confirmed cases during the early period of outbreaks. We suggest that multidisciplinary empirical research in healthcare and social sciences, personality, and social psychology is needed for a clear understanding of how cultural values, social norms, and individual predispositions interact with policy to affect life-saving behavioural changes in different societies.
| S-EPMC8014465 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Heart failure (HF) is an emerging public health problem due to increasing hospitalisations, readmissions and direct healthcare costs. Transitional care (TC) aims to improve multidisciplinary care coordination in HF and provides a streamlined strategy to ensure discharge success. This article reviews the different TC models and interventions in HF, and compares their strengths, weaknesses and efficacies. Notably, a nurse-led TC model under the direct administration of a dedicated multidisciplinary team appears to be the superior model of care. The emerging use of remote technology to track patient progress adds value, as human resources are scarce. Several knowledge gaps are highlighted in this article. The authors share their local institutional TC experience and discuss its early impact on HF care.
| S-EPMC5490879 | biostudies-other
Project description:BackgroundEight medicinal plants were tested for their antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. Different extraction methods were also tested for their effects on the bioactivities of the medicinal plants.MethodsEight plants, namely Herba Polygonis Hydropiperis (Laliaocao), Folium Murraya Koenigii (Jialiye), Rhizoma Arachis Hypogea (Huashenggen), Herba Houttuyniae (Yuxingcao), Epipremnum pinnatum (Pashulong), Rhizoma Typhonium Flagelliforme (Laoshuyu), Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (Houpo) and Rhizoma Imperatae (Baimaogen) were investigated for their potential antimicrobial and antioxidant properties.ResultsExtracts of Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis had the strongest activities against M. Smegmatis, C. albicans, B. subtilis and S. aureus. Boiled extracts of Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis, Folium Murraya Koenigii, Herba Polygonis Hydropiperis and Herba Houttuyniae demonstrated greater antioxidant activities than other tested medicinal plants.ConclusionAmong the eight tested medicinal plants, Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis showed the highest antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. Different methods of extraction yield different spectra of bioactivities.
| S-EPMC2631514 | biostudies-literature
Project description:While human infections with avian influenza A (H5NI) viruses in Asia have prompted concerns about an influenza pandemic, the burden of human influenza in East and Southeast Asia has received far less attention. We conducted a review of English language articles on influenza in 18 countries in East and Southeast Asia published from 1980 to 2006 that were indexed on PubMed. Articles that described human influenza-associated illnesses among outpatients or hospitalized patients, influenza-associated deaths, or influenza-associated socioeconomic costs were reviewed. We found 35 articles from 9 countries that met criteria for inclusion in the review. The quality of articles varied substantially. Significant heterogeneity was noted in case definitions, sampling schemes and laboratory methods. Early studies relied on cell culture, had difficulties with specimen collection and handling, and reported a low burden of disease. The recent addition of PCR testing has greatly improved the proportion of respiratory illnesses diagnosed with influenza. These more recent studies reported that 11-26% of outpatient febrile illness and 6-14% of hospitalized pneumonia cases had laboratory-confirmed influenza infection. The influenza disease burden literature from East and Southeast Asia is limited but expanding. Recent studies using improved laboratory testing methods and indirect statistical approaches report a substantial burden of disease, similar to that of Europe and North America. Current increased international focus on influenza, coupled with unprecedented funding for surveillance and research, provide a unique opportunity to more comprehensively describe the burden of human influenza in the region.
| S-EPMC4634698 | biostudies-other
Project description:Background and aimsBesides bananas belonging to the AAA triploid Mutika subgroup, which predominates in the Great Lakes countries, other AAA triploids as well as edible AA diploids, locally of considerable cultural weight, are cultivated in East Africa and in the nearby Indian Ocean islands as far as Madagascar. All these varieties call for the genetic identification and characterization of their interrelations on account of their regional socio-economic significance and their potential for banana breeding strategies.MethodsAn extensive sampling of all traditional bananas in East Africa and near Indian Ocean islands was genotyped with simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers, with particular emphasis on the diploid forms and on the bananas of the Indian Ocean islands, which remain poorly characterized.Key resultsAll the edible AA varieties studied here are genetically homogeneous, constituting a unique subgroup, here called 'Mchare', despite high phenotypic variation and adaptions to highly diverse ecological zones. At triploid level, and besides the well-known AAA Mutika subgroup, at least two other genetically related AAA subgroups specific to this region are identified. Neither of these East African AAA genotypes can be derived directly from the local AA Mchare diploids. However, it is demonstrated that the East African diploids and triploids together belong to the same genetic complex. The geographical distribution of their wild acuminata relatives allowed identification of the original area of this complex in a restricted part of island South-East Asia. The inferred origin leads to consideration of the history of banana introduction in Africa. Linked to biological features, documentation on the embedding of bananas in founding legends and myths and convincing linguistic elements were informative regarding the period and the peoples who introduced these Asian plants into Africa. The results point to the role of Austronesian-speaking peoples who colonized the Indian Ocean islands, particularly Madagascar, and reached the East African coasts.ConclusionsUnderstanding of the relations between the components of this complex and identifying their Asian wild relatives and related cultivars will be a valuable asset in breeding programmes and will boost the genetic improvement of East African bananas, but also of other globally important subgroups, in particular the AAA Cavendish.
| S-EPMC6344093 | biostudies-literature
Project description:ObjectivesMacrolide-resistant Bordetella pertussis (MRBP) has been emerging and prevailing in mainland China since 2011. In this study, we aimed to investigate the genotype and macrolide resistance of circulating B. pertussis in East and Southeast Asia using genetic analyses.MethodsA total of 302 DNA extracts from clinical specimens and isolates from 2010 to 2020 were analyzed: 145 from Vietnam, 76 from Cambodia, 48 from Taiwan, and 33 from Japan. Genotypes were determined by multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (MLVA). Macrolide-resistant A2047G mutation in B. pertussis 23S rRNA was investigated using the duplex Cycleave real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. Whole-genome sequencing was performed on two MRBP isolates that were identified for the first time in Taiwan.ResultsOverall, 286 DNA extracts (95%) generated a complete MLVA genotype and 283 DNA extracts (94%) yielded a complete result for the A2047G mutation analysis. The A2047G mutation was detected in 18 DNA extracts: fourteen from Vietnam, one from Cambodia, two from Taiwan, and one from Japan. Most of them (78%) showed the genotypes MT104 and MT195, which have previously been reported in Chinese MRBP isolates. Further, the Taiwanese MRBP isolates were classified into the MT104 clade of Chinese MRBP isolates.ConclusionAfter MRBP emerged and spread in mainland China, it may have spread to East and Southeast Asia in the 2010s. Continued surveillance targeting the A2047G mutation of MRBP is needed to prevent further spread of this emerging pathogen.
| S-EPMC9750937 | biostudies-literature