Epidemiology of Reemerging Scarlet Fever, Hong Kong, 2005-2015.
Ontology highlight
ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Lee CF
PROVIDER: S-EPMC5621532 | biostudies-literature | 2017 Oct
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
Publications
Epidemiology of Reemerging Scarlet Fever, Hong Kong, 2005-2015.
Lee Chun Fan CF Cowling Benjamin J BJ Lau Eric H Y EHY
Emerging infectious diseases 20171001 10
Annual incidence of scarlet fever in Hong Kong remained elevated after an upsurge in 2011. Incidence increased from 3.3/10,000 children <5 years of age during 2005-2010 to 18.1/10,000 during 2012-2015. Incidence was higher among boys and was 32%-42% lower in the week following school holidays. ...[more]
Similar Datasets
Project description: Not available
| S-EPMC3471616 | biostudies-literature
Project description:A scarlet fever outbreak occurred in Hong Kong in 2011. The majority of cases resulted in the isolation of Streptococcus pyogenes emm12 with multiple antibiotic resistances. Phylogenetic analysis of 22 emm12 scarlet fever outbreak isolates, 7 temporally and geographically matched emm12 non-scarlet fever isolates, and 18 emm12 strains isolated during 2005-2010 indicated the outbreak was multiclonal. Genome sequencing of 2 nonclonal scarlet fever isolates (HKU16 and HKU30), coupled with diagnostic polymerase chain reaction assays, identified 2 mobile genetic elements distributed across the major lineages: a 64.9-kb integrative and conjugative element encoding tetracycline and macrolide resistance and a 46.4-kb prophage encoding superantigens SSA and SpeC and the DNase Spd1. Phenotypic comparison of HKU16 and HKU30 with the S. pyogenes M1T1 strain 5448 revealed that HKU16 displays increased adherence to HEp-2 human epithelial cells, whereas HKU16, HKU30, and 5448 exhibit equivalent resistance to neutrophils and virulence in a humanized plasminogen murine model. However, in contrast to M1T1, the virulence of HKU16 and HKU30 was not associated with covRS mutation. The multiclonal nature of the emm12 scarlet fever isolates suggests that factors such as mobile genetic elements, environmental factors, and host immune status may have contributed to the 2011 scarlet fever outbreak.
| S-EPMC4125623 | biostudies-literature
Project description: Not available
| S-EPMC3372348 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The incidence of scarlet fever and pertussis has increased significantly in China in recent years. During the COVID-19 pandemic, stringent non-pharmaceutical intervention measures were widely adopted to contain the spread of the virus, which may also have essential collateral impacts on other infectious diseases, such as scarlet fever and pertussis. We compared the incidence data of scarlet fever and pertussis in Mainland China and Hong Kong from 2004 to 2021 before and after the COVID-19 pandemic. The results show that the incidence of both diseases decreased significantly in 2020-2021 compared to the after-re-emergence stage in these two locations. Specifically, in 2020, scarlet fever decreased by 73.13% and pertussis by 76.63% in Mainland China, and 83.70% and 76.10%, respectively, in Hong Kong. In the absence of COVID-19, the predicted incidence of both diseases was much higher than the actual incidence in Mainland China and Hong Kong in 2020-2021. This study demonstrates that non-pharmaceutical measures implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic can partially reduce scarlet fever and pertussis re-emergence in Mainland China and Hong Kong.
| S-EPMC9407746 | biostudies-literature
Project description:In the last 10-15 years, there has been a global resurgence of scarlet fever, an infection historically associated with significant morbidity and mortality. It is unknown whether scarlet fever incidence has increased in Australia. We aimed to examine the incidence, predictors and severity of scarlet fever in the state of Victoria, Australia from 2007 to 2017, analyzing scarlet fever emergency department (ED) presentations, hospitalizations and deaths. Of the 1 578 scarlet fever cases during the study period, most occurred in children aged <10 years (1 344, 85%), in males (882, 56%), and during winter and spring months (918, 57%). There were no deaths with scarlet fever, however, 374 cases (24%) were admitted to hospital. The annual incidence of scarlet fever was stable during the study period (mean, 2.5; range, 1.9-3.1 cases per 100 000). Annual incidence was highest in children aged <5 years (19.3 per 100 000), and was 21% higher in males than females, adjusting for age and year (incidence rate ratio, 1.21, 95%CI 1.09-1.34). Whilst scarlet fever ED presentations and hospitalizations were stable in Victoria from 2007 to 2017, the recent identification of a Streptococcus pyogenes variant in Australia associated with epidemic scarlet fever overseas highlights the risk of future outbreaks.
| S-EPMC11450502 | biostudies-literature
Project description:To probe the spatiotemporal patterns of the incidence of scarlet fever in Beijing, China, from 2005 to 2014. A spatiotemporal analysis was conducted at the district/county level in the Beijing region based on the reported cases of scarlet fever during the study period. Moran's autocorrelation coefficient was used to examine the spatial autocorrelation of scarlet fever, whereas the Getis-Ord Gi* statistic was used to determine the hotspot incidence of scarlet fever. Likewise, the space-time scan statistic was used to detect the space-time clusters, including the relative risk of scarlet fever incidence across all settings. A total of 26,860 scarlet fever cases were reported in Beijing during the study period (2005-2014). The average annual incidence of scarlet fever was 14.25 per 100,000 population (range, 6.76 to 32.03 per 100,000). The incidence among males was higher than that among females, and more than two-thirds of scarlet fever cases (83.8%) were among children 3-8 years old. The seasonal incidence peaks occurred from March to July. A higher relative risk area was mainly in the city and urban districts of Beijing. The most likely space-time clusters and secondary clusters were detected to be diversely distributed in every study year. The spatiotemporal patterns of scarlet fever were relatively unsteady in Beijing from 2005 to 2014. The at-risk population was mainly scattered in urban settings and dense districts with high population, indicating a positive relationship between population density and increased risk of scarlet fever exposure. Children under 15 years of age were the most susceptible to scarlet fever.
| S-EPMC4730522 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundUltimate Frisbee is a non-contact, self-refereed team sport that is rapidly gaining popularity in Hong Kong. As it is a physically demanding competition, it can result in substantial injury risk. However, the injury epidemiology data in Hong Kong remains lacking. The aim of this study is to identify and analyse the injury prevalence and risk factors for Ultimate Frisbee players in Hong Kong.MethodsOnline self-reported surveys were collected from participants through the Hong Kong Flying Disc Federation for the 2019 season. Data was collected on injury type, location, nature, severity and onset. Injury incidence rates (IRs) were calculated as injuries per 1000 h of athlete-exposures (AEs). Incidence rate ratios were determined to compare IRs with 95% confidence intervals, which were used to calculate differences. In addition, analysis on IR will be made on comparing between training and tournament.ResultsResponse rate of 75.6% was achieved, of which 59 entries were included for analysis. We observed 54 injuries over 9412 AEs for a total IR of 5.74 per 1000 h of AEs. The injury prevalence is 62.7%, with both men and women having similar incidence (IRR = 1.161, 95% CI = 0.63, 2.14, p = 0.63). The most common injuries were in the lower limb (61.1%). Cutting was the most frequent injury mechanism (23.7%). The risk of injury during training is 3 times less compared to during tournament (IRR = 0.03, 95% CI = 0.18, 0.60, p < 0.01).ConclusionOur preliminary findings provide evidence that majority of Ultimate injuries in Hong Kong players involved the lower extremity with injuries occurring more in tournaments than training. This study is an important first step to provide the groundwork for tailoring prevention strategies to minimize injuries in Ultimate Frisbee.
| S-EPMC8377482 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundPrevious studies have suggested that mass media's reports of new suicide methods will increase suicides using the same method. The same pattern seems not to apply to a conventional suicide method, unless it was used by a celebrity.Objective1) to examine media effects on both new and non-new suicide methods during 1998 and 2005 in Hong Kong (HK), when a new method by burning charcoal (CB suicide) was spreading in the region. 2) to examine how CB competed with non-CB methods in terms of media coverage and "recruiting" suicidal persons in the socio-economic context.MethodsA self- and mutual- exciting process model was fitted to the data, adjusting for divorce rate, unemployment rate, and property price index. Breaking the whole period into onset, peak, and post-peak stages, the model was fitted again to examine the differences.ResultsComparable copycat effects were found on both CB and non-CB suicide news. The only cross-method media effects were found in the onset stage when non-CB suicide news showed suppressing effect on CB suicides. CB suicides reported a significant self-excitation effect. A higher divorce rate and lower property price index were associated with significantly more suicides incidences and more suicide news.ConclusionsThe emerging of CB suicide method did not substitute media coverage of non-CB suicide in HK. Media effects in this case were not limited to new suicide method or celebrity suicide. The effects were further fueled by adverse socio-economic conditions.
| S-EPMC5389840 | biostudies-literature
Project description:ObjectivesStudies on the epidemiology of primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) in the Chinese population are lacking. We aimed to determine the epidemiology of PBC in Hong Kong (HK) with a population of 7.3 million.MethodsWe retrieved data from the electronic database of the HK Hospital Authority, the only public healthcare provider in Hong Kong. PBC cases between 2000 and 2015 were identified by International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-9 code. We estimated the age-/sex-adjusted incidence rate and prevalence of PBC, and analyzed the adverse outcomes (hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), liver transplantation, and death).ResultsOne thousand and sixteen PBC patients aged ≥20 years were identified (female-to-male ratio 4:1; median age 60.6 years, interquartile range (IQR) 51.8-72.6 years; median follow-up 5.6 years, IQR 1.6-8.7 years). The average age/sex-adjusted annual incidence rate and prevalence were 8.4 per million person-years and 56.4 per million, respectively. Between 2000 and 2015, the age/sex-adjusted annual incidence rate increased from 6.7 to 8.1 per million person-years (Poisson P=0.002), while age/sex-adjusted prevalence increased from 31.1 to 82.3 per million (Poisson P<0.001). Fifty patients developed HCC, and 49 underwent liver transplantation. Case fatality risk decreased from 10.8 to 6.4% (Poisson P=0.003). The 5- and 10-year overall survival rates were 81.5 and 78.3%, whereas the transplant-free survival rates were 78.0% and 74.3%, respectively. Increasing age, cirrhosis and being treatment-naïve were associated with lower transplant-free survival.ConclusionsThere is a considerable increase in the incidence and prevalence of PBC in the Chinese population over the past 16 years, with significant morbidity and mortality.
| S-EPMC5587844 | biostudies-literature
Project description:PurposeTo investigate the incidence rate, histopathological types, and time trends of primary eye cancer, eyelid cancer, and ophthalmic lymphoma among the Chinese population.MethodsThe records of patients diagnosed with primary eye and eyelid cancers from 2005 to 2018 in Hong Kong were retrieved from the Hong Kong Cancer Registry. Patient demographics, cancer sites, and histology were recorded. Population-level age-standardized incidences and trends were analyzed by age and sex and compared with existing literature. International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Edition (ICD-9) codes were converted to ICD-10 codes. Eye cancer was defined as malignancy involving the eyeball, intraocular structures, lacrimal system, and orbit.ResultsA total of 442 eye cancers and 1103 eyelid cancers were included. Among these cancers, 295 cases were ophthalmic lymphoma. The age-standardized annual incidence rate was 4.04 per 1,000,000 population for eye cancer, 6.30 for eyelid cancer, and 1.89 for ophthalmic lymphoma. The incidence rates increased with age (P < 0.001), but there were no sex differences. The incidence rate of eyelid cancer and ophthalmic lymphoma showed an increasing trend, with annual percent changes of 2.8% and 2%, respectively. In eye cancers, the most common histological type was lymphoma (58.1%), and the most common site was orbit (35.5%). The most common histology for eyelid cancer was basal cell carcinoma, and for ophthalmic lymphoma it was extranodal marginal zone B cell lymphoma.ConclusionsIn the Chinese population, the incidence of eye cancer has remained stable, whereas eyelid cancer and ophthalmic lymphoma are increasing. Lymphoma has been the most common histological type in recent years, in contrast to findings in Western populations.
| S-EPMC11895851 | biostudies-literature