Clinical significance of interleukin‑6 and inducible nitric oxide synthase in ketamine‑induced cystitis.

ABSTRACT: Ketamine is an ionotropic glutamatergic N‑methyl‑D‑aspartate receptor antagonist, which is widely used among recreational drug abusers. Ketamine abusers exhibit substantially reduced bladder capacity, which can lead to urinary frequency. The molecular pathogenesis of ketamine‑induced cystitis has been scarcely reported. Given previous clinical findings, it may be hypothesized that pathological alterations in smooth muscle cells (SMCs) of the urinary bladder serve a crucial role in the mechanism underlying cystitis. In the present study, two lineages of SMCs, one from differentiated foreskin‑derived fibroblast‑like stromal cells and the other from cultured normal aortic SMCs, were used to study ketamine‑induced molecular alterations. Polymerase chain reaction was used to study the effects o

SUBMITTER: Huang CJ 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5752171 | biostudies-literature | 2018 Feb

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature